In this paper we discuss the possible affects of inflations by the supplier on a retailer's replanishment policy for time-dependent deteriorating items with constant demand rate. This optimal order quantity is obtained for all four cases i.e. for case 1, 0<T<Td , case 2, Td ≤T<M, case 3, Td ≤M ≤T and case 4, M≤ Td <T. The optimal total relevent cost is obtain for all these four cases which is minimum. Numerical result are used to illustrate the theoretical results.

[1]. Ghare, P.M., Schrader, G.P.(1963). A model for an exponentially decaying inventory journal of industrial engineering 14, 238- 243.
[2]. Covest, R.B., Philip, G.S (1973). An EOQ model with weibull distribution deterioration. AIIE Transactions 5, 323-326.
[3]. Misra, R.B. (1975). Optimal production lot-size model for a system with deteriorating inventory. International journal of production research, 13 (3), 495-505.
[4]. Shah, Y.K.(1977). An order level lot-size inventory model for deteriorating items. AIIE Transaction, 9(1), 108-112.
[5]. Hollier, R.H., and Mak, K.L.(1983). Inventory replenishment policies for deteriorating items is a declaring market. International journal of production research, 21(4), 813-826....

Mining specifications and using them for bug detection is a promising way to reveal bugs in programs. Existing approaches suffer from two problems. First, dynamic specification miners require input that drives a program to generate common usage patterns. Second, existing approaches report false positives, that is, spurious warnings that mislead developers and reduce the practicability of the approach. The time spent in testing is mainly concerned with generating the test cases and testing them. The goal of this paper is to reduce the time spent in testing by reducing the number of test cases. For this data mining techniques are incorporated to reduce the number of test cases. Data mining finds similar patterns in test cases which helped in finding out redundancy incorporated by automatic generated test cases. The final test suite is tested for coverage which yielded good results. Specification mining not only helps to automate coverage - driven simulation or formal verification, it can also provide useful information for diagnosis. A specification mining-based diagnosis framework is proposed that can be used to simultaneously understand the error and locate it. If not enough tests are available, the resulting specification may be too incomplete to be useful. To solve this problem Code coverage analysis is the process of finding areas of a program not exercised by a set of test cases, creating additional test cases to increase coverage and determining a quantitative measure of code coverage, which is an indirect measure of quality.

[1]. M.D. Ernst, J. Cockrell, W.G. Griswold, and D. Notkin "Dynamically Discovering Likely Program Invariants to Support Program Evolution"
[2]. Lorenzoli D, Mariani L, and Pezze M, "Automatic Generation of Software Behavioral Model
[3]. Reliable Mining of Automatically Generated Test Cases from Software Requirements Specification (SRS) Lilly Raamesh and G. V. Umas," Proc. 30th Int'l Conf. Software Eng., pp. 501-510, 2008
[4]. Mutually Enhancing Test Generation and Specification Inference Tao Xie and David Notkin
[5]. Ammons G, Bodı´k R, and Larus J, "Mining Specifications," Proc. 29th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symp. Principles of Programming Languages, pp. 4-16, Jan. 2002.....

This paper deals with finite element analysis for MacPherson type suspension system lower control arm (LCA) of 4W suspension system. The main function of the lower control arm is to manage the motion of the wheels & keep it relative to the body of the vehicle. The control arms hold the wheels to go up and down when hitting bumps. In this project we have prepared CAD Model using PRO-E Software & finite element analysis using Ansys software. We have studied to calculate various dynamic loads like road bump, kerb strike, braking, cornering & acceleration load case. By applying all this forces in X, Y and Z directions perform non-linear static analysis using Ansys software. The main significance of the analysis is to check the structural strength of LCA using dynamic forces. It will going to save the testing as well as validation cost. Also, validating final finite element analysis results through the physical testing of the component. The aim behind this project analysis is to show the how finite element analysis is helping in complete product development cycle. Because it going to saves lot of cost, as every vehicle having generally 3-4 stages in complete product development cycle, stages are Proto-I, Aplha-II, Gamma-III & Beta-IV. By believing on the results of finite element analysis company / organization can skip one or two stages in between proto & final product. This paper will show the validation of finite element analysis results with actual physical sample testing.

[1]. Miguel A.Eguia ,Minishiou Huang, and Tay Tyan, (NAT impact safety, Ford motor company), "Crashworthiness Simulation of Lower Control Arm Impact Tests", SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2005-01-0361, Page Nos. 2 - 10.
[2]. S. Hakan OKA, F. Basar Yalciner, Koray Gursu : Figes A.S / TURKEY, Zeki Yalin, Durmus Buyuktuncel: YPS A.S/ TURKEY, "Simulation of Cedimento Test of a Suspension Control Arm by Using Finite Element method" Page Nos. 3 - 12.
[3]. Eric Deschamps, "Fundamental Physics Behind New Suspension Concept for Automobiles" SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2001-01-1647, Page Nos. 1 - 4.
[4]. Dr. J.M. Mahishi, Director Engineering, "STATIC AND MULTI-AXIAL FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF AUTOMOTIVE LOWER CONTROL ARM USING NEiNASTRAN", MS&M Engineering Inc, Farmington Hills, MI, USA, Page Nos. 3-5.
[5]. Craig Lewitzke and Ping Lee (General Motors Corporation), "Application of Elastomeric Components for Noise and Vibration Isolation in the Automotive Industry", SAE TECHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 2001-01-1447, Page Nos. 12 - 20.

Clustering is the process of grouping related documents from the large collection of database. The mining of such related documents from the enormous database which are unlabelled is a challenging one. To overcome this problem, clustering is used to filter the unlabelled documents from the large collection of database. Clustering can be achieved by various algorithms that differ significantly in their notion and how to efficiently find them. The Standard K-Means algorithm is a well known data mining algorithm which can effectively cluster data in the database. K-mean is a simple algorithm that has been adapted to many problem domains. Hence by using k-mean, the initializations of number of clusters can be done through manually. In this research paper, a new technique DLCT (Double Link Cluster Tree) is merged with the enhanced K-Mean algorithm which helps to makes clustering in an efficient manner by without initializing of number of clusters and optimal clusters. The result of k-mean with DLCT, which allows automatic determination of number of clusters on any type of data such as documents, images etc. General Terms Effective Clustering Using DLCT.

[1]. A Novel Approach for Determination of Optimal Number of Cluster", Debashis Ganguly.Computer Science and Engineering,Department,Heritage Institute of Technology,Anandapur Kolkata – 700107, India
[2]. Improving the accuracy and efficiency of K-Mean Clustering Algorithm", by K.A. Abdul Nazeer, M.P. Sebastian. Proceeding of the world congress on Engineering 2009 vol I WCE 2009, July 1-3, 2009, London, U.K.
[3]. Clustering Algorithms Based on Volume Criteria" Raghu Krishnapuram and Jongwoo Kim IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, VOL. 8, NO. 2, APRIL 2000.
[4]. An Efficient k-Means Clustering Algorithm: Analysis and Implementation" Tapas Kanungo, Senior Member, IEEE, David M. Mount, Member, IEEE, Nathan S. Netanyahu, Member, IEEE, Christine D. Piatko, Ruth Silverman, and Angela Y. Wu, Senior Member, IEEE VOL. 24, NO. 7, JULY 2002

[5]. A Comparison of Document Clustering Techniques", Michael Steinbach,George Karypis. Department of Computer Science University of Minnesota Technical Report #00-034 steinbac, karypis, kumar@cs.umn.edu Vipin Kumar.....

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) process, at present is still an experience process, wherein selected parameters are often far from the optimum, and at the same time selecting optimization parameters is costly and time consuming. In this paper cryogenic treatment is used for increasing the material removal rate and lowering the tool wear rate. cryogenic treatment is a process of keeping the specimen in cold environment to increase its wear resistance and relieving its residual stresses. In the present paper study conduct on MRR and TWR by using cryogenic and non cryogenic electrode with pulse on/off as parameter.

[1]. Ho, K.H., Newman, S.T., 2003. State of the art electrical discharge machining (EDM). International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43(13):1287-1300. [doi:10.1016/S0890-6955(03)00162-7]
[2]. S. Singh, S. Maheshwari, P.C. Pandey, Some investigations into the electric discharge machining of hardened tool steel using different electrode materials, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 149 (2004) 272–277.
[3]. C.J. Luis, I. Puertas, G. Villa, Material removal rate and electrode wear study on the EDM of silicon carbide, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 164–165 (2005) 889–896.
[4]. B. Bojorquez, R.T. Marloth, O.S. Es-Said, Formation of a crater in the workpiece on an electrical discharge machine, Engineering Failure Analysis 9 (2002) 93–97.
[5]. J. Marafona, J.A.G. Chousal, A finite element model of EDM based on the Joule effect, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 46 (2005) 1–8.....

In this paper, an analytical and simulation solution for Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive pressure sensor operating in harsh environment is proposed, The principle of the paper is to design, obtain analytical solution and compare the results with the simulation using MEMS SOLVER software for a circular diaphragm deflection. The material is considered to be used for harsh environment is SiC (Silicon Carbide), Because of SiC owing excellent electrical stability, mechanical robustness, and chemical inertness properties and the application of pressure sensors in harsh environments are, such as automotive industries, aerospace, oil/logging equipments, nuclear station, and power station. We are using MEMS SOLVER software for modeling and simulating of MEMS capacitive pressure sensor to optimize the design where a properly doped poly silicon diaphragm as a moving plate and one electrode fixed to the substrate as a fixed plate. The device achieved a linear characteristic response and consists of a circular clamped-edges poly-SiC diaphragm suspended over sealed cavity on a poly-Sic substrate. The proposed Parallel Plate MEMS capacitive pressure sensor demonstrated with diaphragm of 300 μm in diameter, with the gap depth of 10μm. With the above design parameters the sensor exhibits a linear response with pressure from 0 Mpa to 1 Mpa. With a maximum deflection of 0.226 μm at the radially centre of the diaphragm. However, the nonlinearity due to gap variation is about 9.46%. This Can Be minimized by adopting several techniques discussed in this paper.

[1]. Y. Zhang, R. Howver, B. Gogoi* and N. Yazdi Evigia Systems, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA "A High-Sensitive Ultra-Thin MEMS Capacitive Pressure Sensor"
[2]. Stephen Beeby and et.al. "MEMS Mechanical Sensors" pp 113-145.
[3]. Oosterbroek, R. E., et al., "Designing, Realization and Characterization of a Novel Capacitive Pressure/Flow Sensor," Proc. Transducers, Chicago, IL, 1997, pp. 151–154
[4]. Berberig, O., et al., "The Prantl Micro Flow Sensor (PMFS): A Novel Silicon Diaphragm Capacitive Sensor for Flow-Velocity Measurement," Sensors and Actuators, Vol. 66, 1998, pp. 93–98.
[5]. Prasad N Acharya Sujata Naduvinamani , "Design and Simulation of MEMS based Micro Pressure Sensor"....

Gears are mainly used in the power or torque transmitting places. Other devices also there for transmitting the torque such as belt drive, chains drives because those have more disadvantages like slip. Gears are mainly used in lathes machines, automobiles and all torque transmitting units. Our project mainly deals with design, modeling and analysis of spur gear and Optimization of spur gear. For that we had considered a design problem and solved the problem with two different materials namely cast-iron, Steel for the same application. Then that designed Spur gear is modeled using Pro-E. Then we have done analyses on each gear namely, static analysis. Finally we have compared the results of cast iron spur gear with that of Steel gear and also compared the all spur gear with those optimized form of spur gear.

[1]. Machine design by S.Md.Jalaludeen, Anuradha agencies.
[2]. Machine design by R.K. Jain
[3]. Machine design by "R.S. Kurmi‟
[4]. Design of machine elements by "Bandri‟
[5]. Machine design by R.K. Rajput.....

A wireless ad-hoc network is a collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other by each node acting as router and maintaining connectivity in a decentralized manner. The network topology is dynamic because the connectivity among the nodes may vary with time due to node departure, new arrivals and the possibility of having mobilenodes. In this paper, weexplore the effect on per session throughput of an adhoc network consisting offixed, and mobile non-malicious-nodes, by mobile and fixed malicious nodes making black hole and wormhole attacks and its severity.To simulate black hole attack 5, 10 and 14 malicious nodes were created for different scenarios, and for worm hole attack only one worm hole link was created.The 50 non-malicious nodes fixed, and mobile networks for cases of mobile and fixed malicious nodes attack were simulated in ns-2 where each odd numbered nodetransmits packets to the next even numbered node.

[1]. C.C. Chiang, H.-K. Wu, W. Liu and M. Gerla, "Routing in clustered multihop, mobilewireless networks with fading channel", in: The IEEE Singapore International Conference on Networks (1997) pp. 197-211
[2]. B.Kannhavong, H.Nakayama, Y.Nemoto, N.Kato, Jamalipour , "A Survey Of Routing Attacks In Mobile Ad Hoc Networks," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 14, issue 5, pp. 85-91, October 2007.
[3]. Z. Karakehayov, "Using REWARD to detect team black-hole attacks in wireless sensor networks," in Proc. Workshop on Real-World Wireless Sensor Networks, REALWSN'5, Stockholm, June 2005.pp.1
[4]. I. Stamouli, P. G. Argyroudis, and H. Tewari, "Real-time Intrusion Detection for Ad hoc Networks". Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM'05), 2005. pp. 1-2
[5]. J. Kong, H. Luo, K. Xu, D. L. Gu, M. Gerla, and S. Lu,"Adaptive security for multi-layer ad-hoc networks," in Special Issue of Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing.WileyInterscience Press, Aug. 2002......

ELD determines the power to be generated by the committed units so that the total cost can be minimized while satisfying the required constraints. Here the cost function is highly non linear, non-convex and non differentiable. Therefore, classical optimization methods usually face problem to converge. This paper presents a comparative study of three different algorithms i.e. MPSO, clonal selection algorithm and gravitational search algorithm for solving the ELD problem. Simulations results were performed with different test cases and comparisons are performed. The simulation result reveals the comparative performance and suggested the best technique which is easy to implement, with less execution time.

[1]. C.E Lin and G.L.Viviani, "Hierarchical Economic Dispatch for Piecewise Quadratic cost function'', IEEE Trans.on power App Syst Vol PAS-103, no 6, pp 1170-1175,Jan 1984.
[2]. D.C Walter and G.B. Sheble ,"Genetic Algorithm Solution Economic Load dispatch With Valve Point Loading'', IEEE Trans.on power Syst. Vol 8 no 3, August 1993, pp 1325-1332
[3]. P-H Chen and H-C Chang."Large-Scale Economic Dispatch by Genetic Algorithm'', IEEE Trans. on power Syst. Vol 10,no 4, Nov 1995 pp 1919-1926.
[4]. Th Back and H-P Schwefel, "An Overview of Evolutionary Algorithm for Parameter Optimization '', IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation .Vol 1,no 1 1993, pp 1-123
[5]. H.T Yang, P-C Yang and C.L Huang "Evolutionary programming Solutions for Units with Non- Smooth Cost Functions‟‟, IEEE Trans.of power Syst. Vol 11,no 1, Feb 1996, pp 112-118.....