Managing fibrous waste such as paper into useful packaging materials can help reduce large amounts of paper waste. Laboratory-scale appropriate technology machines were developed to print paper pulp into egg trays by means of suction. The pulp-making process includes collecting waste paper, sorting according to paper grade, pulping, egg tray making and the final process is sun-drying. The machine consists of a mould, a slurry container and an electric mechanism to operate the machine. The machine works on the principle of suction with a pulp slurry consistency of about 5%.

[1]. Berg, P.; and Lingqvist, O., 2018. Pulp, Paper and Packaging in the NEXT decade: Transformational Change. McKinsey & Company, 2017. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/paper-and-forestproducts/our-insights/pulp-paper-and-packaging-in-the-next-decade-transformational-change (accessed on 12 November 2018).
[2]. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2018. Facts and Figures about Materials, Waste and Recycling: Paper and Paperboard: Material-Specific Data. Accessed from https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/paper-and-paperboard-material-specific-data
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[4]. Kolajo T. E., Onilude M. A. , Omoniyi T. E. and Oladosu O. T., 2021. The Design and Construction of A Pulp Molding Machine, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, Vol. 10 Issue 06, pp. 798-802

The Naria Upazila of the Shariatpur district is situated on the right bank of the mighty Padma River, where extensive riverbank erosion has been occurring over the past several years. The purpose of the study is to decipher the geomorphological, geological, and engineering geological causes of bank erosion in the area. Conventional fieldwork was carried out in the area and systematic sample collection was done. Standard laboratory processes were followed to analyze the samples. The aerial photographs and Google images study indicate that the Tippera alluvial sediments of the Mid-Holocene age are less eroded than the active bar and floodplain deposits of recent age.........

[1]. Abidin, R. Z., Sulaiman, M. S., & Yusoff, N. 2017. Erosion risk assessment- A case study of the Langat River bank in Malaysia, International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5(1), pp 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.01.002. [2]. Alam, M., Alam, M. M., Curray, J. R., Chowdhury, M. L. R., & Gani, M. R. 2003. An overview of the sedimentary geology of the Bengal Basin in relation to the regional tectonic framework and basin-fill history. Sedimentary Geology, 155(3-4), 179-208.
[3]. Bakr, M. A. 1977. Quaternary Geomorphic evolution of Brahamanbaria -Noakhali are Comilla and Noakhali Districts Bangladesh, Records of Geological Survey of Bangladesh. Vol. 1, part 2.
[4]. Billah, M.M., 2018. Mapping and monitoring erosion-accretion in an alluvial river using satellite imagery – the river bank changes of the Padma river in Bangladesh, Quaestiones Geographical 37(3), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań, pp. 87–95. doi: 10.2478/quageo-2018-0027 ISSN 0137-477X, eISSN 2081-6383.
[5]. Curray, J.R., Emmel, F.J., Moore, D.G., and Reitt, R.W. 1982. Structure, tectonics and geological history of the northeastern Indian Ocean. In: A.E.M. Nairn and F.G. Stehli (Eds.), The Oceanic Basins and Margins. The Indian Ocean 6, Plenum, New York, pp.399-450.

This research work presents the computational aerodynamic study of Ahmed body situated in Martian environment in comparison with Earth's environment. The hybrid RANS-LES model with the dynamic Smagorinsky-Lilly method is used to capture flow characteristics of the wake region of Ahmed body. A comprehensive mesh independence study is conducted to obtain the results, which are approximately unaffected by mesh resolution. The impact of three critical variables i.e., slant angle, stream velocity and temperature is analyzed on flow behavior. It is observed that the difference in Martian and Earth environment have considerable effect on coefficient of drag experienced by the Ahmed body. It is also found that the slant angle plays a vital role in aerodynamic performance of Ahmed body. A noticeable difference in coefficient of drag is observed by changing the temperature for........

[1]. Davila, A.F. and D.J.A. Schulze-Makuch, The last possible outposts for life on Mars. 2016. 16(2): p. 159-168.
[2]. Mahaney, W.C. and J.J.J.o.C. Dohm, Life on Mars? Microbes in Mars-like antarctic environments. 2010. 5: p. 951-958.
[3]. Edwards, H.G., et al., Raman spectroscopic analysis of cyanobacterial colonization of hydromagnesite, a putative martian extremophile. 2005. 175(2): p. 372-381.
[4]. Cockell, C.S. and J.A.J.I. Raven, Zones of photosynthetic potential on Mars and the early Earth. 2004. 169(2): p. 300-310.
[5]. de Vera, J.-P., et al., Adaptation of an Antarctic lichen to Martian niche conditions can occur within 34 days. 2014. 98: p. 182-190.
[6]. Niles, P., et al., Scientific Investigations Associated with the Human Exploration of Mars in the Next 35 Years. 2017

Utilisation of palm kernel shell, rice straw, rice husk, and rice panicle for brake pad has been studied since the use of asbestos in brake pads production is being withdrawn due to its carcinogenic nature. The experimental research design used to develop the brake pad is by using friction modifying filler materials such as palm kernel shell (PKS), rice straw (RS), rice husk (RH) & rice panicle (RP) as base material in a binder (epoxy resin and hardener). Aluminium silicon as abrasive element and lubricant (graphite) were added to the composite using moulding technique to produce brake pads following standard procedure. The performance of the produced brake pads was checked and compared with existing commercial (asbestos-based) brake pad which was used as control in this case.........

[1]. I. Dagwa and A. Ibhadode, "Determination of optimum manufacturing conditions for asbestos-free brake pad using Taguchi method," 2006.
[2]. A. Ibhadode and I. Dagwa, "Development of asbestos-free friction lining material from palm kernel shell," Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, vol. 30, pp. 166-173, 2008.
[3]. P. Gurunath and J. Bijwe, "Potential exploration of novel green resins as binders for NAO friction composites in severe operating conditions," Wear, vol. 267, pp. 789-796, 2009.
[4]. M. Kumar and J. Bijwe, "Role of different metallic fillers in non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction composites for controlling sensitivity of coefficient of friction to load and speed," Tribology International, vol. 43, pp. 965-974, 2010.
[5]. M. Kumar and J. Bijwe, "Non-asbestos organic (NAO) friction composites: Role of copper; its shape and amount," Wear, vol. 270, pp. 269-280, 2011.

Complex of Zinc (II) of aqueous solar aided extract of menthe piperita (Peppermint) was synthetized and characterized using UV-Vis, FT – IR and XRF. The antibacterial potency of the complex was assessed. The physicochemical results revealed pH of 10.65, white color, melting point of 2200C , percentage yield of 66.66%, conductivity of 9.49 Zinc (II) complex and soluble in water. The phytochemical screening for the extract and Zn (II) complex indicated the present of alkaloids in both the extract and complex with variating present of the other constituents such as saponin, and flavonoids.........

[1]. Shobha, G., Vinutha Moses, and S. Ananda. "Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles and its impact." Int. j. pharm. sci. Invent 3, no. 8 (2014): 6-28.
[2]. Gur, Tuğba, IsmetMeydan, HamdullahSeckin, MuhammedBekmezci, and Fatih Sen. "Green synthesis, characterization and bioactivity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles." Environmental Research 204 (2022): 111897.
[3]. Prashant K. Jain, Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed. Accounts of Chemical Research 2008 41 (12), 1578-1586DOI: 10.1021/ar7002804
[4]. Kumar, Rajesh, Ahmad Umar, Girish Kumar, and Hari Singh Nalwa. "Antimicrobial properties of ZnOnanomaterials: A review." Ceramics International 43, no. 5 (2017): 3940-3961
[5]. Alkaladi, Ali, Aaser Mohamed Abdelazim, and Mohamed Afifi. "Antidiabetic activity of zinc oxide and silver nanoparticles on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats." International journal of molecular sciences 15, no. 2 (2014): 2015-2023.