Energy use in palm oil mills remains a critical determinant of both production costs and environmental sustainability. This study analyzed the energy consumption patterns and residue utilization potential in an 8 t/h palm oil mill, aiming to achieve energy self-sufficiency through the effective use of mill residues. The total energy demand was 163.8 kWh/h, equivalent to 20.5 kWh/t FFB, which aligns closely with the electrical energy benchmarks of 18–22 kWh/t FFB reported in recent audits. Kernel cracking, drying, and clarification were the most energy-intensive processes studied........

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Youth housing is an increasingly relevant socio-spatial issue, which was triggered by economic insecurities, change of life stages, and changing household structures. The rise of housing prices and the intensified residential mobility has led to the spread of co-housing and co-living conditions hence creating sensitive questions relating to spatial efficiency and incorporation of community life. This paper explores the role of configurational design in relieving such problems in the area of youth housing.........

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The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), one of the most densely populated and industrially active regions in South Asia, experiences substantial atmospheric loading of black carbon (BC), a critical short-lived climate pollutant influencing air quality, monsoon dynamics, and radiative forcing. This study aims to investigate the long-term temporal dynamics, seasonal variability, and statistical behaviour of BC concentrations over the IGP using MERRA-2 reanalysis data from 2001 to 2024. The uniqueness of this work lies in its comprehensive integration of linear and nonlinear trend analyses with temporal dependence diagnostics to enhance the robustness of interpretation.........

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