With the conventional extrusion process it is very difficult to produce a hollow section tubes, for various types of Aluminium Alloys, such as Al6061, Al6063 & Al7075. Because of complicated structure of die Assembly it is became mandatory to investigate experimentally. For 6061 Al alloy Taguchi Method is applied to optimize the parameters involved in it. For other materials Numerical Analysis is carried out for investigation of various parameters. In this review paper the discussion is carried out for Al6061,Al6063& Al7075 materials in the extrusion process for investigating the different process parameters by Taguchi & Numerical Analysis Method.

[1]. O.P. GbeneboroSekunowO.I. , S. O. Adeosun, Effect of Die Entry Angle on Extrusion Responses of Aluminum 6063 Alloy International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 4 No. 2, February, 2014
[2]. Quang-Cherng Hsu, Kun-Hong Kuo, Ping-HsunTsai Square Tube Manufacturing for Al7075 by Forward Extrusion with Porthole Die
[3]. I. Flitta and T. Sheppard Nature of friction in extrusion process and its effect on material, Manuscript received 15 May 2002; accepted 16 December 2002.# 2003 •
[4]. RajamamundiPrabhu1and V.S. K. Venkatachalapathy "EFFECT OF CONVEX DIE ANGLE OF PORTHOLE DIE ON PLASTIC DEFORMATION AND EXTRUSION PROCESS IN TUBE EXTRUSION"ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 5, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2010
[5]. flittaand t. sheppard: Proc. 7th Int. Seminar onAluminium extrusion technology‟ Chicago, 197 – 203; 2000,Washington, DC, TheAluminium Association.

This paper presents a methodology to develop an optimal coordinated bidding strategy of a supplier considering hourly price-volume bid in Day-Ahead Energy Market (DAEM) and Balancing Energy market (BEM). In this work, a bi-level optimization problem has been proposed considering rivals' bidding behavior, inter temporal constraints, and multi period auction. Lower level problem represents the market clearing process of System Operator (SO). Upper level problem represents the supplier's profit maximization function, which is non linear. Therefore, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, a modern heuristic approach, has been used to obtain the best solution of the proposed bi-level optimization problem. The effectiveness of proposed method has been tested on 5-bus system. Results obtained using the ABC algorithm has been compared with those obtained using a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based approach.

Bi-level optimization, artificial bee colony algorithm, coordinated bidding strategy, electricity market.

One of the factors that affect the fermentation process on the production of patchouli oil by Phanerochaete chrysosporium is the composition of media and fermentation time. In general, the type of media used to growth of Phanerocheate chrysosporium is the NLM that it contains pure MgSO4. On the other hand, the kieserite has high concentration of MgSO4 which is expected to replace pure MgSO4 as a growth medium for Phanerochaete chrysosporium and the price is cheaper than MgSO4. The aims of this research was to determine the effect of kieserite addition and fermentation time to yield, refractive index, and patchouli alcohol content of patchouli oil production. Research done by the fermentation of patchouli leaf powder by Phanerochaete chrysosporium using media containing kieserite. Fermented was dissolved in n-hexan that subsequently separated between the oil in n-hexan and the residue. Product of patchouli oil was adsorbed by bentonit, and patchouli oil was separated by filtration. The final product of patchouli oil was analyzed yield, refractive index, fat content, and % patchouli alcohol to get of the best yield.The variables used in this research are fermentation time (7, 9, 11, 13, 15 days) and kieserite addition (0.5, 1, 1.5 g / L media). The results showed that the decrease kieserite added and increasing fermentation time causes increased yield. The best of the product on this research was result of variable fermentation time 15 days and kieserite addition 0,5 g/L media which the best result was yield (5.32%), refractive index (1.509), fat (negative), and patchouli alcohol (34.3%).

Phanerochaete crysosporium, patchouli oil, kieserite, fermentation time, yield

[1]. Diana, Patcholi alcohol from patchouli leaf using hydrodistilation methode, Institute Technology of Surabaya (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia, 2010.
[2]. Fadilahand Sperisa, D, Delignification garbage of Rod Aren: Comparison the influence of addition Glucose with addition molasses". Equilibrium Journal, Vol. 8 (2), pp. 19-25, 2009.
[3]. Fadilah, Sperisa, D., Enny, K. A. and Arif, J, Biodelignifikasi Rod Corn with white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Department of Chemical Engineering, UNS University, Indonesia, 2008.
[4]. Fadilah, Sperisa, D., Sri R. D. and Dina, S. M., Effect of addition glucose and yeast extracts to biodelignification dregs of Rod Aren, Equilibrium Journal, Vol. 8 (1), pp. 29-33, 2009.
[5]. Irawan and Jos, B., Patchouli oil quality improvement with extraction and distillation in various composition of solvent", Chemistry Engineering Seminar, Semarang, Indonesia, 2010.

This scientific research focus that the creator of "Cosmo Universe" shall be considered as "Supernatural Person" called by name by author as "RAMANUJAM" Who consider created everything through his "MOTHER JANAKI" (Soul). Mother Janaki shall also be called as "COSMO MOTHER" (Pope). The created universe consider having shape like "TRIPOD" (or) "STANDSTILL SPACE SHIP".

During expanding universe the standstill ship began "WOBBLING" gradually due to growth of "Downward Gravity" and varied environmental condition in "three nuclear age". The Philosophy of Ramanujam, Cosmo Mother, Created universe, Expanded Universe shall be described as below.

[1]. YUGADI WISHES (IARA, March 2015)
[2]. TAMIL PUTHANDU!... (AJER, April 2015)
[3]. THEN MADURAI?... (IJERD, April 2015)
[4]. TAMIL NEW YEAR COOL DRINK?... (AJER, April 2015)
[5]. SCIENTIFIC RAMANUJAM?... (IJERD, April 2015)

The rising demand for high quality homogenous castings necessitate that vast amount of manufacturing knowledge be incorporated in manufacturing systems. Rotary furnace involves several critical parameters like excess air, flame temperature, rotational speed of the furnace drum, melting time, preheat air temperature, fuel consumption and melting rate of the molten metal which should be controlled throughout the melting process. A complex relationship exists between these manufacturing parameters and hence there is a need to develop models which can capture this complex interrelationship and enable fast computation. In the present work, we propose a generic approach where the applicability and effectiveness of neural network in function approximation is used for rapid estimation of melting rate and they are integrated into the framework of genetic evolutionary algorithm to form a neuro-genetic optimization technique. A neural network model is trained with the experimental results. The results indicate that the heuristic converges to better solutions rapidly as it provides the values of various process parameters for optimizing the objective in a single run and thus assists for the improvement of quality in development of sound parts.

Rotary furnace, Neural networks (NN), Genetic algorithm (GA), Optimization, Neuro-genetic optimization

[1]. R. Singh, G. Das, and M. Radha Krishna, "Economic and Microstructure Analysis of Ferrous Castings from Coke-less Cupola, Coke Fired Cupola and Rotary Furnace," DEI Journal of Science and Engineering Research, Vol. 14, No. 1-2, pp. 127-138, 2007.
[2]. R. Singh, G. Das, and R. Setia, "An evolutionary approach to parametric optimization of rotary furnace using light diesel oil," International Journal of Agile Manufacturing, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 36–42, 2008.
[3]. R. Singh, R. Setia, and G. Das, "Modeling and optimization of rotary furnace parameters using artificial neural networks and genetic evolutionary algorithms," Proceedings of the 31st National Systems Conference (India), P.No. 75, 2007.
[4]. R. Singh, G. Das, and R.K. Jain, "Modeling and optimization of rotary furnace parameters using regression and numerical techniques," Proceedings of the 68th World Foundry Congress & 56th Indian Foundry Congress (India), P.No. OP–62, pp. 333–339, 2008.
[5]. L. Fausett, "Fundamentals of Neural Networks," Prentice Hall, Eaglewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994.

roots and tubers are plants yielding starchy roots, tubers, rhizomes, corms and stems. They are used mainly for human food (as such or in processed form), for animal feed and for manufacturing starch, alcohol and fermented beverages including beer.Certain root crops, notably bitter cassava, contain toxic substances, particularly in the skins. As a result, certain processes must be undertaken to make the product safe for human consumption. Apart from their high water content (70-80 percent), these crops contain mainly carbohydrates (largely starches that account for 16-24 percent of their total weight) with very little protein and fat (0-2 percent each). Methods of propagating root crops vary. A live potato tuber or seed must be planted but only part of the live yam tuber and a piece of the stalk (not the root) in the case of cassava.

[1]. Farhadi R., Sakenian N., Azizi P., 2012 -Design and construction of rotarypotato grader (Part I). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 18 (2):304-314.
[2]. Hyde G.M., 1986 - Solid and perforated rotary blade performance on a potato harvester. ASAE Paper No.86-1557.
[3]. Kang W.S., J.L. Halderson J.L., 1991 – A vibratory, two-row, potato digger. Applied engineering in agriculture, 7(6): 683-687.
[4]. Muhammad Y., Mehmood A.M.,Rehman R., 2003 – Designdevelopment and performanceevaluation of rotary potato digger.AMA, 34(2): 43-46.
[5]. NasreIsfahani M., 2003 - Potato wastage in Freidan storehouse. Isfahan agricultural center research, Sapling and seed, 19 (2):191-208 (In Persian).

Fiber loss, interference, dispersion etc are the basic limitations in realizing long distance fiber optic communication systems. Amplification of light waves by the use of Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) has become the effective solution to tolerate the limitations caused by fiber attenuation and losses. The information signal of interest in fiber optic communication system with EDFA is mainly depends on pump power, pump wavelength termed as input parameters. The performance evaluation parameters of the fiber optic communication systems are gain, noise figure, degradation, radiation tolerance, spectral burning etc termed as output parameters. We have studied the combined analysis of input and output parameters of fiber optic communication system with EDFA.

Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), gain, noise figure

[1]. Ricky Antony, "Performance analysis of different erbium doped fiber based codirectionally pumped wdmsystems operating in optical wide-band" in International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Vol. 4 No.02 February 2012.
[2]. Sunil Kumar Panjeta, "Gain Optimization of of EDF Amplifier by stage enhancement and variation in pump power" in International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2012.
[3]. Mousami Biswas, "Modeling of Wide-Band Optical Signal Amplification in an EDFA Network" in PHOTONICS LETTERS OF POLAND, VOL. 4 (4), 158-160 (2012).
[4]. Somnath Pain , "Gain Flattening and Noise Figure Analysis of EDFA WDM Configuration for L-band Optical Communication using Wavelength Selective Attenuator" in PHOTONICS LETTERS OF POLAND, VOL. 5 (3), 106-108 (2013).
[5]. M A Mahdi, "Saturation parameters of erbium doped fibre amplifiers" in ICSE'98 Proc., Nov. 1998, Bangi, Malaysia Usman J Sindhi " Performance analysis of 32-channel WDM System using EDFA" in IJEETC vol.2 no 2, April 2013.

In this paper, we design five user optical based DCDM system where FBG used as optical filter.
The performance comparison of without and with FBG filter has been done. The system performance is evaluated on the basis of the SNR, Q-factor and BER, for all five users. It has been observed that as FBG filer increases the performance of system also improved.

Duty Cycle, Fiber Bragg Grating, Optical Filter

[1]. ]M. K. Abdullah, G. A. Mahdiraji, A. M. Mohammadi, M. Mokhtar and A. F. Abas "Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (DCDM), A New Electrical Multiplexing Technique for High Speed Optical Communication Systems", Proceedings of IEEE 2008 6th National Conference on Telecommunication Technologies and IEEE 2008 2nd Malaysia Conference on Photonics, 26-27 August 2008, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
[2]. Jyotsna Rani Mahapatra, Manisha Chattopadhyay "Spectral characteristic of UNIFORM FIBER BRAGG GRATING using couple mode theory" International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN (p): 2320-2084, Volume-1, Issue-, July-2013.
[3]. J. H. Lee, S. Ohara, T. Nagashima, T. Hasegawa, N. Sugimoto, K.Igarashi, K. Katoh, and K. Kikuchi, "Clock recovery and demultiplexing of high-speed OTDM signal through combined use of bismuth oxide nonlinear fiber and erbium-doped bismuth oxide fiber," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 2658-2660, Dec. 2005.
[4]. O. Ozoliņ, Ģ. Ivanovs "Realization of optimal FBG Band–Pass Filters for High Speed DWDM" Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 2009. No. 4(92) ISSN 1392 – 1215.
[5]. Vineet Tiwari, Akash Mohan Soni, Abhishek Tripathi and Gireesh G. Soni, "Analysis of 6×10 Gbps Spectrally Efficient Optical AP-DCDM based Communication System", 2014 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2014), Jan. 03 – 05, 2014, Coimbatore, INDIA.

A set of four 2000/1A current transformers (C.T.s) were earmarked for a substation power transformer protection requirement. It was necessary to investigate the characteristics of these transducers with a view to confirming whether or not they were protection C.T.s. In this paper the author discusses the open-circuit laboratory test carried out for the generation of voltage and current data relevant for the production of their magnetization curves to that effect. MATLAB was used in plotting the magnetization curves. The knee-point voltage (KVP) of the C.T.s was 1000V as determined from the curves. The C.T.s being observed to possess such a high value of KVP in each case, were thus confirmed as protection C.T.s. being clearly different from metering C.T.s whose KVP values are generally within 60 to 120V.

Current Transformer, Knee-point Voltage, Functional Identification.

[1]. Davis T. (1996): Protection of Industrial Power System; 2nd Ed.; Oxford; Newnes-Butterworth-Heinemann Publishing; p. 41-50.
[2]. Pabla A. S. (2000): Electric Power Distribution; New Delhi; Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.; p.540-542.
[3]. Kamnev V. (1987): Switchgear and Protective Gear – Repair and Maintenance; Moscow; Mir Publishers; p.43-45.
[4]. Gregory B. A. (1973): An Introduction to Electrical Instrumentation; 1st Ed., London; Macmilla Press Ltd.; p.163-166.
[5]. Glover J. D. and Sarma M. (1987): Power System Analysis and Design; 2nd Ed.; Boston; PWS Publishing Company; p.379-384.

The effect of magnetic saturation was to be included in the performance analysis of an earlier refurbished single-phase induction motor. The approach was to determine the machine saturation factor by means of a numerical manual computation and to have this factor duly applied on the machine reactances by means of which the saturated version of its reactances were obtained. The latter reactances were then used to realize the required performance parameters of the motor with the non-linear influence of saturation thus included. In this paper, the author details the numerical computations that yielded the saturation factor as Ksat =1.18. The saturated machine reactances were then computed giving the value 2.29Ω each for the stator winding reactance and the rotor winding reactance (referred to the stator), and the value 92.79Ω for the magnetizing reactance. Thus, not less than a 15.24% general decrease in the motor reactances was observed. Also, by numerical computations, the motor efficiency, running and starting torques were valued 68.4%, 7.80N-m and 8.14N-m, respectively. Other significant parameters determined under saturation include the input current, no-load current and iron losses whose values were 8.65A, 4.28A and 131.16W, respectively. All these conduced to a 2.92% decrease in the motor efficiency and a 17.1% increase in starting torque, whilst the net output power (in kW) and the motor input power factor (in p.u.) remained virtually unchanged.

Single-phase Motor Parameters, Saturation Effect

[1] Jackson K. G. (1973): Dictionary of Electrical Engineering; London; Newnes-Butterworths; p.246. [2] Gupta J. B.(2005): Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines; 14th Ed.; Nai Sarak, Delhi; S. K. Kataria & Sons; p.385. [3] Ouadu H. et al (2011): Accounting for Magnetic Saturation in Induction Machines Modeling; International Journal of Modeling and Control; Vol. 14, No. 1, 2; pp.27-36.

[4] Kasmieh T. et al (2000): Modeling and Experimental Characterization of Saturation Effect of an Induction Machine; The European Physical Journal (Applied Physics); EDP Sciences; Vol. 10; pp123-130.

[5] Say M. G. (1976): Alternating Current Machines, 4th Ed., London, Pitman Publishing Limited; p.264.