It can be shown that Newton's non relativistic equations can be upgraded to full relativistic status by means of integrating the magnetic aspect of massive particles derived from deBroglie's hypothesis on the internal structure of localized photons and from Paul Marmet's remarkable exploration of the relation between the magnetic aspect of electrons and the contribution of this magnetic aspect to the electron rest mass and relativistic mass, which he termed the "magnetic mass". The outcome is a complete relativistic equations set, one of which is the first to allow velocity calculation of all existing particles, from photons at the speed of light to velocity and relativistic mass of all massive particles from total rest to infinitesimally close to asymptotic velocity of light and related infinite mass.

[1]. André Michaud. The Birth of Electron-Positron Pairs in the 3-Spaces Model, The General Science Journal 2010: http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/2270

[2]. Paul Marmet. Fundamental Nature of Relativistic Mass and Magnetic Fields, International IFNA-ANS Journal, No. 3 (19), Vol. 9, 2003, Kazan University, Kazan, Russia. (Also available over the Internet: http://www.newtonphysics.on.ca/magnetic/mass.html).

[3]. André Michaud. On the Fundamental Discrete LC Relation of Elementary EM Particles, The General Science Journal 2010: http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/2269.

[4]. André Michaud, Field Equations for Localized Individual Photons and Relativistic Field Equations for Localized Moving Massive Particles, International IFNA-ANS Journal, No. 2 (28), Vol. 13, 2007, p. 123-140, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia. (Also available online at http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/2257).

[5]. André Michaud. On the Electron Magnetic Moment Anomaly, The General Science Journal 2009: http://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Essays/View/2259.

Improving and developing performance quality level is one of critical factors in the success of any organizations. There are several methodologies in organizations development. MIPI Methodology and Hoshin Kanri are two management approaches to improve and develop organizations but there are several similarities and differences in these strategies. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe similarities and differences between MIPI Methodology and Hoshin Kanri for organizational development. The investigation systematically uses analysis and review by the related literature of various studies. Consequently, the result of this research discloses that MIPI Methodology and Hoshin Kanri have many concepts in similarities and differences. However, these two management approaches can help organizations to create critical synergy or improvement programs for increasing organizational efficiency and effectiveness.

[1]. G. Reuner, "The internationalization process in companies located at the borders of emerging and developed countries", International Journal of operations and production management, vol. 28 No. 10, pp. 918-940, 2008.
[2]. J S. Adesola and T. Baines, "Developing and evaluating a methodology for business process improvement", Emerald Business Process Management, vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 37-46, 2005.
[3]. E. Thagthong and J. Ngaoprasertwong, The Application of Model-based and Integrated Process Improvement Methodology for Metal Sheet Coating Factory, in Proc. International Congress on Engineering and Information Bangkok, TH, pp. 176-183.
[4]. R. Lee and B. Dale, "Policy deployment: an examination of the theory", Emerald International Journal of Quality& Reliability Management, vol. 15 No. 5, 520-540, 1998.
[5]. Goal/QPC Research Committee, Hoshin planning: a planning system for implementing total quality management, in Costin, H.I. (Ed.), Readings in Total Quality Management, The Dryden Press, 1994.

In this paper, a product bundle life cycle is proposed for retail line of business in banking enterprise. Product bundling involves grouping together different products or services belonging to the same or different lines of business in a bank and offering the bundle to the customer of the bank. The proposed approach helps banks to understand product bundle life cycle and thereby implement a product bundle. Bundle life cycle encompasses the stages of planning, creation, maintenance and reporting of product bundle. The paper also proposes a Service oriented architecture to achieve product bundling in retail enterprise.

[1]. Rong Liu, Frederick Wu, Yasodhar Patnaik, Santosh Kumaran, "Business Entities: An SOA Approach to progressive core banking renovation,", scc, pp.466-473,2009 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing, 2009.
[2]. Camilion Solutions, "Enterprise Product Agility enables Dynamic Product Bundling", 2010.
[3]. G Chandrashekar, Infosys Technologies Ltd, "Product
[4]. Bundling: A Banking Perspective", White paper, 2009
[5]. Srinivasan Varadarajan, Wipro Technologies Limited, "Product Bundling in Finance Services - A Perspective", White paper, 2011.....

In this present work, first I simplified and calculated the binding energy of a donor in spherical quantum dots (QDs) by using a variational approach within the effective mass approximation and computed for GaAs QD as a function of the dot size for different impurity positions. Next I found out the expectation value of the Hamiltonion and also the binding energies were computed for different values of the electric fields. I found that the value of the polarizability obtained is several orders higher than the hydrogen atom value. My results are in good agreement with previous theoretical findings.

[1] Bastard G 1981 Phys.Rev.B24 4714
[2] Chayanika Bose , 1998 J,Appl. Phys. 83 3089
[3] Sakaki H 1981 J.Vac.Sci. Technol. 19 148
[4] Vojak B.A., Laidig W.D, Holonyak N.Camras M D, Coleman J J and Dapkus
[5] Schiff. L. I. (1968) Quantum Mechanics, III rd Edition, Phys.265.....

Interesting you know, Science of the very tiny one has become huge. It raises issues that are interesting and important to scientific understanding and seems to possess clues to the solution of knotty technological problems. The focus of the present work concerns thermal properties of suspensions of nanoparticles in fluids. They commonly referred to as nanofluids. In another explanation, nanofluids are nanoscale colloidal suspensions containing consendensed nanomaterials. They are two-phase systems with one phase (solid phase) in another (liquid phase). Investigations of their thermal properties have thrown up many findings that are interesting and challenging to describe. The importance of thermal properties is in the context of heat removal from small spaces. It is a technological challenge arising from the need to cool high-speed microelectronic devices. And also , nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids) have been recommended as a promising option for various engineering applications, due to the observed enhancement of thermophysical properties and improvement in the effectiveness of thermal phenomena. A number of investigations have been reported in the recent past, in order to quantify the thermo-fluidic behavior of nanofluids. Even if it is true that some review articles involving the progress of nanofluid investigations were published in the past several years], most of the reviews are concerned on the experimental and theoretical studies of the thermophysical properties or the convective heat transfer of nanofluids. The purpose of this paper will focuses on the importance of thermal properties, different techniques for measuring the thermal conductivity, thermal phenomena in nanofluids , especially the new application trends for nanofluids in addition to the heat transfer properties of nanofluids. And also this article will be used for researchers on nanofluids. We will try to find some challenging issues that need to be solved for future research based on the review on these aspects of nanofluids.

[1]Eastman, J. A., Phillpot, S. R., Choi, S. U. S. and Leblinski, P., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 2004, 34, 219–246.
[2] Lee, S., Li, S. U. S. C. S. and Eastman, J. A., Trans. ASME: J. Heat Transfer, 1999, 121, 280.
[3] Patel, H. E., Das, S. K., Soundararajan, T., Nair, A. S., George, B. and Pradeep, T., Appl. Phys. Lett., 2003, 83, 2931– 2933.
[4] Hong, T-K., Yang, H-S. and Choi, C. J., J. Appl. Phys., 2005, 97, 064311.
[5] Das, S. K., Putra, N., Thiesen, P. and Roetzel, W., Trans ASME: J. Heat Transfer, 2003, 125, 567–574....

Cloud computing is a field where we access the big data, over the internet. The big data is placed over multiple servers in the cluster, though the credentials of the network connections are entirely hidden and users cannot access anyone else‟s data. As the big data created by the applications expand, there exists a growing demand for high performance computing infrastructures. This has led to the establishment of large-scale computing data centers causing a notable increase of electrical power consumed by hardware facilities and cooling systems. High power consumption by the infrastructure affects to substantial carbon dioxide emissions on the global scale contributing to the green house effect. Cloud shares a lot of resources with its users. If these resources can be managed efficiently, then we can view a better data center which is economical and energy efficient. It is seen that VM scheduling and VM management are the two key fields where a drastic change in energy consumption can bring in with various algorithms. Our paper gives an overview of various researches wrt the VM scheduling and VM management.

[1] http://blog.eukhost.com/webhosting/cloud-computing-vs-grid-computing/
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_data
[3] Buyya, R., Yeo, C., Venugopal, S., Broberg, J., Brandic, I., "Cloud Computing and Emerging IT Platforms: Vision, Hype and Reality for Delivering Computing as the 5th Utility", in Future Generation Computer Systems 25 (2009), 2009, pp. 5999-616.
[4] Gens, Frank, "IT Model in the Cloud Computing Era", in IDC Enterprise Panel, August 2008.
[5] I. Foster, C. Kesselman, S. Tuecke, "The Anatomy of the GRID: Enabling Scalable Virtual Organizations", in Int‟l Journal of Supercomputer Applications, 15(3), 2001.....

It is natural that everyone makes mistakes while writing on paper. Natural choice is a whitener to make a correction. But not all paper color matches with that of the whitener ink. So sometimes, it might make our work look shabby. This project aims towards creating a whitener, or rather a corrector, that generates the ink which matches with the color of the paper. The primary color mixture is identified for the captured background color. This color is created by mixing primary colors, y, cyan, magenta and yellow, by controlling solenoid valves, which are controlled by arduino controller. This ink is applied on the desired medium to make the required correction. All combinations of colors are obtained by suitably mixing the CMY primary colors in appropriate proportions. This is a novel idea that was created on personal interest.

[1] Hashim, Shah Alam Rahman, R.A. Jarmin, R." A Study on RGB Color Extraction of Psoriasis Lesion using Principle Component Analysis" IEEE TRANS. Research and Development, 27-28 June 2006.
[2] Liang Chu; Yanli Hou; Minghui Liu; Jun Li; Yimin Gao; Ehsani, M. ".Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Pneumatic ABS Solenoid Valve for Commercial Vehicle" Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, 2007. IEEE Topic(s): Components, Circuits, Devices & Systems ; Transportation
[3] Ying-bao Zhao. "Solenoid Valve Respond Time Test System Basing on Single Chip Micro-computer". IHMSC '09. 26-27 Aug. 2009.
[4] Eddins, S.L.; Orchard, M.T. "Using MATLAB and C in an image processing lab course". Computing &
[5] Processing (Hardware/Software); Signal Processing & Analysis.. ICIP-94., IEEE International Conference Volume: 1, 1994, Page(s): 515 - 519....

Graphs have many applications in the field of computer science. As a data structure it plays a very important role in database management system design. In this paper we discuss how the references among the database tables can be easily described by graphs. In the new approach, unlike E-R model, the reference graph model can describe the references occurred among the database tables or among various databases of diverse platforms more precisely and clearly. The reference graphs, unlike the schema diagrams, do not show the details about the attributes of the entities, rather it gives the references available among the entities and the attributes through which these references are made. Reference graphs model, derived from the E-R model or from the intermediate graph, directly developed by analyzing the context system, is used to develop an abstract mathematical model of the database schema, from which we develop the Database Requirements Specifications (DRS). The DRS can be used as a design document in RDBMS and OODBMS paradigm.

[1]. P.P Chen, "Entity-Relationship Approach to Information Modelling and Analysis", Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holand ),1983, pp. 19-28
[2]. Il-Yeol Song , Mary Evans, E.K. Park "A Comparative Analysis of Entity-Relationship Diagrams", Journal of Computer and Software Engineering, Vol. 3, No.4 (1995), pp. 427-459
[3]. P. S. Dhabi et.al "Articulated Entity Relationship (AER) Diagram for Complete Automation of Relational Database Normalization", International Journal of Database Management Systems (IJDMS),Vol.2,No.2, May 2010, pp.84-100
[4]. David Heckerman, Chris Meek, Daphne Keller, "Probabilistic Entity-Relationship Models, PRMs, and Plate Models ", Proceedings of the 21 st International Conference on Machine Learning, Banff, Canada, 2004.pp.201-238
[5]. Anirban Sarkar "Conceptual Level Design of Semi-structured Database System: Graph-semantic Based Approach" (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol.2, No.10, 2011, pp.112-121....

The handling of fly ash has become an immediate concern due to its huge accumulation and lack of dumping yards. Flyash can be used in various civil engineering applications. Flyash in geotechnical constructions, embankments, soil stabilisations, geo polymers, subgrades etc. are some of the promising solutions for sustainable development. This paper highlights the importance of utilization of flyash in the stabilisation of soil subgrades. Attempts have been made to study the effect of flyash by conducting experiments on the samples collected from three different sites using various percentages of flyash. Introduction of flyash into the local soil has improved their geotechnical properties.

[1]. Sridharan, A ., Prasanth, J.P. and Sivapullaiah, P.V. (1997), Effect of flyash on the unconfined compressive strength of black cotton soil, Ground Improvement Vol. 1, 169- 175.
[2]. Sridharan, A ., Pandian, N.S. and Srinivas, S. (1998), Use of flyash to improve theCBR of soil, Indian Geotechnical Conference, Vol. 2, 261- 264.
[3]. Bhuvaneshwari, S ., Robinson, R.G. and Gandhi, S.R. (2005), Stabilization of Expansive Soils using fly ash, Flyash India, Vol. 5, 1-10
[4]. Naik, H. K., Mishra, M.K., Srikrishnan, V. and Nayak, P.K. (2007), Strength development of fly ash by lime and gypsum addition for its effective utilization, Proceedings of Indian Chemical Engineering Congress
[5]. Tuncer, B. Edil., Craig, H. Benson (2007), Sustainable Construction case history; Fly ash stabilization of Road Surface Gravel, World of Coal Ash, USA.....

Steganography is an ancient art or conveying messages in a secret way that only the receiver knows the existence of a message, most these methods suffer from number of problems which effect on its performance and implementation.In this paper, a novel mechanism using mathematical modulus to incorporate the secret true image into a cover-image to overcome most of these problems .This proposed method aims to meet most the requirements of any steganography system (like capacity, security and un detectability) ,where the mathematical modulus merging the secret data (the true image after compressing it by using wavelet Daubechies filter and ciphering it using strong key consist two stage the first stage generating pseudo random binary bit and xor it with the byte of the resulted image the second stage consist the rotate operation to satisfying the confusion and diffusion conditions) , that modulus is a threshold value that determines how the embedded file is incorporated into the cover-image. This method has a higher security since the secret information added to the cover image and the hiding data cannot be reconstructed unless we knowing the hiding algorithm and if we know the reconstructed algorithm then the hiding data cannot be constructed unless we know the decompression algorithm. In addition to that the knowing of the sharing secret information between the sender and the receiver which is the seed of the pseudo number generator (Sk) ,series number(S), the number of the hiding bits (ml,mu) and the threshold value (T) ,also the using of random style making the reaching process to the hiding image is difficult. The compressing and ciphering the embedded file used in order to reduce the size of it and increase the security. Furthermore, the quality of stego-image measured by PSNR is acceptable to human vision system and stable for diverse cover-image processes.

[1]. X. Luo, F. Liu and P. Lu. A LSB Steganography Approach Against Pixels Sample Pairs Stegonalysis. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 575-588, June 2007.
[2]. William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, Principles and Practice, Third edition, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2003.
[3]. M. Vetterli and J. Kovaˇcevi´c. Wavelets and Subband Coding. Prentice Hall, 1995.
[4]. M. A. B. Younis and A. Janta. A New Steganography Approach for Image Encryption Exchange by Using the Least Significant Bit Insertion. International Journal of computer science and network security, vol.8, no.6, June 2008.
[5]. C. C. Lin, and W. H. Tsai, "Secret Image Sharing with Steganography and Authentication," Journal of Systems and Software, 73(3):405-414, December 2004.....

The rapidly increasing demand for more and more trafficable area has made it imperative to construct on weak and compressible soil subgrades. Whenever a road needs to be built on soft or saturated soil with low CBR value, settlement may take place during or after construction, with serious consequences in the lifespan of the road. It is a big challenge ahead of a civil engineer to build roads which are strong enough to bear the heaviest of traffic expected to move through those roads.Use of geo-synthetics serves as a solution to these problems. Geo-synthetics increase the strength of sub-grade soil and modify some of its properties so that the strength and lifespan of the road is increased. This paper provides an overview of performance of geotextile reinforcement in enhancing the strength of pavements, influence of the position of reinforcement layer and use of multilayer geotextiles.

[1]. Robert. M. Koerner, Designing with geosynthetics, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 2nd edition. [2]. Dr. Khanna S.K. and Dr. Justo, Highway Engineering [3]. Sanjay Kumar Shukla and Jian-hua Yin, Fundamentals of Geosynthetic Engineering
[4]. IRC-12, Special Report 1994,State of the Art: Application of Geotextiles in Highway Engineering
[5]. IRC:37. (2001). Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements.Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India......

Concrete is a very important construction material. The main composition of concrete is cement (commonly Portland Cement), coarse aggregates (such as blasted rubble), fine aggregates (such as sand) and water. Cement is the binder that binds the aggregates together. Coarse aggregates are mainly obtained from quarries, using advent blasting methods, wherever competent bedrock deposits of aggregate quality exists. Fine aggregate used is dry sand, which is available naturally or manufactured. The purpose of this paper is to study concrete behaviour by replacing the aggregates in concrete with recycled wastes. This study is intended to make construction more economical wherever recycled concrete can be used. It is also considered in regard of environment by reducing the disposal of the construction wastes by using them efficiently. The various recycled wastes which used for this purpose are- 1. Tiles- disposed broken tiles 2. Bricks- broken brick bat 3. Laterite powder 4. Concrete wastes 5. Plastering wastes

[1] IS 456 – 2000, 'Plain and Reinforced Concrete- Code of Practice', (Fourth Edition), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[2] IS 383 – 1970, 'Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural sources for Concrete',(Second Edition), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[3] IS 10262 – 1982, 'Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design', Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[4] IS 4031 – 1988 (Part 4, 5, 6 and 11) , ' Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement', Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[5] IS 516 – 1959, 'Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete',Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.....

Every structure transfers its reactions to ground through the foundation. In the present situation every building is analysed as the base is fixed or hinged. Fixed condition is assumed if the structure rests on piles and hinged condition is assumed if the structure is supported by isolated footing. IS code 1893-2002 gives guidelines to earthquake resistant design of structures. An attempt has been made to validate the accuracy of the base condition assumptions and completeness of the guidelines in IS: 1893-2002. For this attempt, structures with different base conditions were analysed for seismic response. From the analysis it is seen that the use of fixed base models can not accommodate soil structure interaction. The software used for analysis was SAP2000, which is a Finite Element analysis package. An idealization for the foundation has been arrived.

[1]. Pankaj Agarwal & Manish Shrikhande, Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Printice-hall, 2006.
[2]. Ray W. Clough & Joseph Penzlen, Dynamics of structures -3rd Edition, Computers & Structures, Inc. University of Berkeley, USA, 2003.
[3]. FEMA 440- Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures, Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C, 2005.
[4]. Wai-Fah Chen & Charles Scawthorn, Earthquake Engineering –Hand Book, CRC Press LLC, London, 2003.
[5]. PUNMIA B.C, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, – Lakshmi Publications, New Delhi, 2005......

Concrete is the most widely used construction material. Apart from its excellent properties concrete is very poor in tensile strength. To improve its tensile strength, fibers are added to concrete which is known as fiber added concrete. In our study we focused on structural behaviour of coir fiber added concrete. Coir is abundantly available at low cost in the tropical areas especially Kerala. In this study coir fiber of aspect ratio 50 is randomly dispersed in M20 concrete for the preparation of 48 specimens. Two different varieties of concrete with different fiber cement ratio (0.5% and 1.5%) were casted. The specimens were tested for its compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. From the test results obtained it can be seen that compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength are greater than those of PCC. The optimum percentage f/c ratio may be occurring very near to 0.5%. From the cost benefit analysis coir fiber is proved to be far economical than any other fibers for a strength comparable to that obtained for 0.5% fiber cement ratio coir fiber added concrete. This study also focus on the comparative study among presently using fiber added concrete which their structural strength and cost of production.

[1]. James I Daniel, Surendhra.P.Shah, "SP-142 Fiber Concrete Developments and Innovations", American Concrete Institute, 1994.
[2]. George.C.Hoff, "SP-81 Fiber Reinforced Concrete International Symposium", American Concrete Institute, 1984.
[3]. P.Baruah, S.Talukdar, "A Comparative Study Of Compressive, Flexural, Tensile and Shear Strength of Concrete with Fibers of Different Origins", The Indian Concrete Journal, July 2004, PP 17-23.
[4]. Zhijian Li, Lijing Wang, and Xungai Wang, "Flexural Characteristics of Coir Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites" Fibers and Polymers, Vol.7, No.3, 2006, PP 286-294
[5]. Andrea Matershlager, Konrad Bergmeister, "Fiber Added Concrete", 2nd int.PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering 1998 Budapest......

In this paper, image compression using orthogonal wavelet transforms of Walsh, Cosine, Haar, Kekre, Slant and Sine is studied. Wavelet transform of size N2xN2 is generated using its corresponding orthogonal transform of size NxN. These wavelet transforms are applied on R, G, and B planes of 256x256x3 size colour images separately. In each transformed plane rows/columns are sorted in their descending order of energy, and lowest energy coefficients are eliminated to compress the image. This procedure is repeated for different compression ratios and in each case image is reconstructed. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between original image and reconstructed image is calculated to measure the performance of transform. Wavelet transforms are applied in three different ways: Column wavelet, Row wavelet and Full wavelet and their performance is compared using RMSE. From the results it has been observed that, RMSE obtained using full wavelet transform is nearly half than column and row wavelet transform. Also, results of wavelet transforms are compared with results of their orthogonal transforms. Full DCT wavelet transform outperforms all other transforms.

[1]. Rohit Arora, Madanlal Sharma, Nidhika Birla "An Algorithm for Image Compression using 2D Wavelet Transform". International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 2758- 2764.
[2]. M. Sifuzzaman, M.R. Islam and M.Z. Ali "Application of Wavelet Transform and its Advantages Compared To Fourier Transform", Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 13, 2009, pp. 121-134.
[3]. Daubechies, I. "The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and Signal analysis". IEEE Transformation and Information Theory 36: 1990, 961-1005.
[4]. Sonja Grgic, Kresimir Kers, and Mislav Grgic, "Image compression using Wavelets," ISIE 1999-Bled, Slovenia, pp. 99-104.
[5]. Olivier Rioul and Martin Vetterli, "Wavelets and Signal Processing," IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, pp. 14-28, October 1991.......

Classification is one of the common tasks performed in knowledge discovery and machine learning. Different learning algorithms can be applied to induce various forms of classification knowledge. This type of learning process results in creating classification system called classifier. Measure used to evaluate such systems is classification accuracy. Classification accuracy of individual classifiers can be improved through combining classifiers. This paper proposes a hybrid classifier model called DTABC (Decision Tree and Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm) to improve the classification accuracy irrespective to size, dimensionality, class distribution and domain of the dataset. This proposed system comprises of two phases: in the first phase, rules are extracted from the training dataset using C4.5 decision tree algorithm. In the second phase, ABC algorithm is applied over C4.5 produced rules to produce more optimized rules. The proposed system has been compared with C4.5, DTGA and Naïve Bayes. The results show that the proposed hybrid classifier provides better classification accuracy.

[1]. Sousa, T., Silva, A., & Neves, A. (2004). Particle Swarm based Data Mining Algorithms for classification tasks.Parallel Computing, 30(5-6), 767-783.
[2]. Tan, K. C., Teoh, E. J., Yu, Q., & Goh, K. C. (2009). A hybrid evolutionary algorithm for attribute selection indata mining. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(4), 8616-8630.
[3]. Sumida, B. H., Houston, A. I., McNamara, J. M., & Hamilton, W. D. (1990). Genetic algorithms and evolution.Journal of Theoretical Biology, 147(1), 59-84.
[4]. Karaboga, D., & Basturk, B. (2007). A powerful and efficient algorithm for numerical function optimization:artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. Journal of Global Optimization, 39(3), 459-471.
[5]. Nemati, S., Basiri, M. E., Ghasem-Aghaee, N., & Aghdam, M. H. (2009). A novel ACO-GA hybrid algorithm for feature selection in protein function prediction. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(10), 12086-12094.....

As a result of hydrotechnical treatments, a 2.5 km long reach of the lowland Kwacza River was elongated to 3.5 km. Restoration triggered off short-term changes in the river ecosystem, which were studied through habitat and invertebrate analysis. Sampling was conducted at 10 sections before and after restoration. Invertebrates quickly colonized various habitats and thus improved biological diversity of the Kwacza River. The only taxon that increased its ecological importance was Gammaridae. In turn, Ephemerellidae concentrated at places with better oxygen conditions. The neural network model revealed that variables directly connected with restoration were not as important as primarily hypothesised.

[1]. E.S. Bernhardt, M.A. Palmer, J.D. Allan, G. Alexander, K. Barnas, S. Brooks, J. Carr, S. Clayton, C. Dahm, J. Follstad-Shah, D.Galat, S. Gloss, P. Goodwin, D. Hart, B. Hassett, R. Jenkinson, S. Katz, G.M. Kondolf, P.S. Lake, R. Lave, , J.L. Meyer, T.K. O'Donnell, L. Pagano, B. Powell and E. Sudduth, ―Synthesizing U.S. river restoration efforts‖. Science, vol. 308, 636 – 637, 2005.
[2]. K. Sand-Jensen, ―Human impact on freshwater ecosystems‖. In: Encyclopaedia of Biodiversity, ed. S.A. Levin, p. 89. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2001.
[3]. S.J. Ormerod, ―Restoration in applied ecology: editor's introduction‖. J. Appl. Ecol., vol. 40, 44 – 50, 2003.
[4]. T.C.M. Pedersen, A. Baattrup-Pedersen and T.V. Madsen, ―Effects of stream restoration and management on plant communities in lowland streams‖. Freshwat. Biology, vol. 51: 161 – 179, 2006.
[5]. H.O. Hansen, ―European Centre for River Restoration and a database for river restoration‖. Verh. Internat. Verein Limnol., vol. 27, 1528 – 1531, 2000......