The stability analysis around equilibrium of a discrete-time predator prey system is considered in this paper. We obtain local stability conditions of the system near equilibrium points. The phase portraits are obtained for different sets of parameter values. Also limit cycles and bifurcation diagrams are provided for selective range of growth parameter. It is observed that prey and predator populations exhibit chaotic dynamics. Numerical simulations are performed and they exhibit rich dynamics of the
discrete model. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 39A30, 92D25.

[1]. Abd-Elalim A. Elsadany, H. A. EL-Metwally, E. M. Elabbasy, H. N. Agiza, Chaos and bifurcation of a nonlinear discrete prey-predator system, Computational Ecology and Software, 2012, 2(3):169-180.
[2]. Leah Edelstein-Keshet, Mathematical Models in Biology, SIAM, Random House, New York, 2005.
[3]. Marius Danca, Steliana Codreanu and Botond Bako, Detailed Analysis of a Nonlinear Prey-predator Model, Journal of Biological Physics 23: 11-20, 1997.
[4]. J.D.Murray, Mathematical Biology I: An Introduction, 3-e, Springer International Edition, 2004.
[5]. Robert M.May, Simple Mathematical Models with very complicated dynamics,Nature, 261, 459 – 67(1976).....

Many research studies were carried out for effective utilization of fly ash and pond ash in building industry as it possess suitable pozzolanic properties .They are produced in large quantities during the combustion of coal for energy production and recognized as an environmental pollution. Fly ash and Pond ash utilization in building materials have many advantages like cost effectiveness, environmental friendly, increases in strength and also conservation of natural resources and materials. The Thermal by product such as pond ash and fly ash waste material are effectively utilized in manufacturing of bricks. In this study, various mix proportions were arrived by using materials fly ash, pond ash, lime, gypsum and sand. The microstructure and composition of coal ash brick were studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Experimental investigation was carried out for compressive strength, water absorption, weight density, efflorescence test and IRA.

[1]. Hall, C., "Water sorptivity of mortars and concrete a review", Magazine of Concrete Research 41(147) (1989) 77-82.
[2]. IS 3495 - 1992 (Part 1 and 2) Methods of Tests of Burnt Clay Building Bricks - Part 1
[3]. Lawrence, S. J. and Page, A. W., "Bond studies in masonry‟, Proceeding of the 10th International Brick and Block masonry Conference (IB2MaC), Shrive, N. G. and Huizer, A., Ed., (Calgary, Canada, 1994) 909 – 917.
[4]. IS 1077 - 1995 Common Burnt Clay Brick Specification.
[5]. Masaki and Nobuyuji (1996), "Failure pattern and earth resource of cement treated fly ash" Environmental Geotechnical on (ed.). 951 – 956.....

Biomass material such as rice straw, banana leaves and teak leaves (Tectona grandis) are densified by means of wet briquetting process at lower pressures of 200-1000 kPa using a piston press. Shear strength, durability, impact resistance and calorific values are determined. Optimum densities for each type of briquette for good quality and their corresponding die pressures were determined. Shear strength and durability increases with the applied die pressure while impact resistance is not influenced by increasing die pressure.

[1]. Chaney J. O., Clifford M. J., Wilson R. An experimental study of the combustion characteristics of low-density biomass briquettes. Biomass magazine 2010, Vol 1.
[2]. Singh J. and Gu S., Biomass conversion to energy in India—A critique. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2010; 14: 1367–1378.
[3]. Stanley R. Fuel Briquette making. Legacy Foundation (2003)
[4]. Stanley, R. Fuel Briquettes-Theory and applications from around the world, Legacy Foundation, (2003).
[5]. Chin O.C., Siddiqui K.M. Characteristics of some biomass briquettes prepared under modest die pressures. Biomass and Bioenergy 2000; 18: 223-228......

Carbon dioxide is the highest emitted greenhouse gas in the world today, mostly due to fossil fuel based energy industries and deforestation. Hence, to address the issue of climate change, one of the most significant questions is how to reduce increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One promising technology is carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), which consists of capturing carbon dioxide emissions from the sources of generation and sequestering them in deep geologic formations for long periods of time. Even though researches are carried out to crystalise this technology, there has been insufficient attention paid to develop an approach that seek to balance emissions from forest ecosystems and the management of such, with environmental stewardship and economic growth as objectives. In countries where forests account as a major player in balancing CO2, this approach becomes extremely relevant. The carbon sequestration model is a step forward in developing a complete and interconnected set of accounting practices allowing for an accurate and credible analysis of past, present, and future carbon emissions relating to forestry in the region. This paper basically looks into the ways by which global warming and the climate changes can be averted to a greater extent by the use of carbon sequestration and suggests a two-part, carbon dioxide emission-absorption potential (CEAP) model in which all flows into and out of the system are mathematically accounted for. The model is a tool meant to be of help in the assessment and resolution of trade offs at different levels in the management to ensure sustainable and balanced climate system.

[1]. Winjum, J.K., S. Brown, B. Schlamadinger. Forest harvest and wood products: sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Forest Science 44(2): 272-284, 1998.
[2]. Vogt, K.A, D.J. Vogt, E. Moore, B. Fatuga, M. Redlin and R. Edmonds. Conifer and angiosperm fine-root biomass in relation to stand age and site productivity in Douglas-fir forests. Journal of Ecology 75:857-870, 1987.
[3]. Turner, J. J. N. Long. Accumulation of organic matter in a series of Douglas-fir stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 681-690, 1975.
[4]. Spies, T.A., J.F. Franklin, and T.B. Thomas. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69:1689-1702, 1988..
[5]. Skog, K., G.A. Nicholson. Carbon cycling through wood products: the role of wood and paper products in carbon sequestration. Forest Products Journal 48 (7/8): 75-83,. 1998.....

Usually high DC output voltage is obtained by circuits such as voltage doubler rectifiers or a diode pump circuits. Even though the circuit configuration of these circuits is simple but, the AC input current contains harmonics. These harmonics can be eliminated by using single phase two stage boost rectifier with single active power device. By using this topology we can reduce the harmonics to a large extent but, input current waveform is distorted and is out of the sinusoidal wave near a zero crossing. In order to overcome the above drawback, a new topology termed as single-phase two stage boost rectifier with two active power devices is proposed. With the proposed topology, output obtained is more than twice the peak input voltage along with sinusoidal input current. The THD is also reduced compared to the previous topology. In both topologies almost unity power factor is maintained. The two topologies are studied, analyzed and simulation models are developed for two circuits using MATLAB software. The simulated results show that the proposed topology has reached the expected performance.

[1]. BOYS J.T., GREEN A.W.: 'Current-forced single-phase reversible rectifier', IEE Proc., Electr. Power Appl., 1989,136, (5), pp. 205–211
[2]. SALMON J.C.: 'Circuit topologies for single-phase voltage doubler boost rectifiers', IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 1993,8, (4), pp. 521–529
[3]. MAZDA F.F.: 'Power electronics handbook' (Butterworths,1990)
[4]. SINGH B., SINGH B.N., CHANDRA A., AL-HADDAD K., PANDEY A.,KOTHARI D.P.: 'A review of single-phase improved powerquality AC–DC converters', IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 2003,50, (5), pp. 962–981
[5]. J. C. Salmon, "Techniques for minimizing the input current distortion of current-controlled single-phase boost rectifiers," IEEE Trans. PowerElectron., vol. 8, pp. 509-520, Oct. 1993....

To help the students to experience real scene of their future work, transcripts are retrieved, selected and downloaded from English speaking country websites to be the sources of and Experiential and web-mediated English for Policing, as a sphere of English for Specific Purpose (ESP), learning. Ulead VideoStudio and LRC are utilized to develop the transcripts before they are edited into speaking and listening, role-plays and d scenarios in a courseware covering curriculum learning and virtual training. Implement software include QQ International on a computer and android on a smart phone. Results show that most of the students enjoy and think highly of the Experiential ESP learning. Disadvantages from the users' perspective are also presented with possible solution to the problems.

[1] Rolf Jucker, Our Common Illiteracy: Education as if the Earth and People Mattered, Peter Lang, GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 2002.

[2] Brian Paltridge, Sue Starfield, The Handbook of English for Specific Purposes, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. West Sussex, UK, 2013.

[3] Laurence J. Gould, Lionel F. Stapley and Mark Stein, Experiential Learning in Organizations: Applications of the Tavistock Group Relationship Approach, H. Karnac (Books) Ltd., Londoan, 2005.

[4] McCarthy, P. R. and McCarthy, H. M., "When Case Studies Are Not Enough: Integrating Experiential Learning Into Business Curricula, " Journal Of Education For Business, vol. 81, no 4, p201-204, 2006.

[5] Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S. & Baumgartner, L. M., Learning in adulthood: a comprehensive guide, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.....

The present study covers the various aspects of bio-diesel fuel derived from jatropha curcas and pongamia pinnata. Different methods of oil extraction techniques, processing and standardization have been described. Finally results on engine performance and emission have been presented to justify the potentiality of the straight vegetable oil as well as the biodiesel blends as alternative compression ignition engine fuel.

[1]. Report of the committee on development of BIO-FUEL (2003), planning commission, Govt. of India.
[2]. Barnwal B.K., Sharma M.P., Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 9 (2005) 363-378.
[3]. Ramadhas A.S., Jayraj S., and Muraleedhran C., Use of vegetable oils as I.C engine fuels A review, renewable energy (2004), (29), 727-742.
[4]. Schumacher L.G. et al (1996) Heavy-duty engine exhaust emission tests using methyl ester soybean oil/diesel fuel blends, bioresource technology 57 (1),31-36.
[5]. Taylor S.L.,King J.W., List G.R., J.Am.oil chemistry society. 70 (1993)437......

The paper analyses the application of three-generation power plants with high-temperature fuel cells in complex buildings. Optimization and calculation for these power plants is done using software package developed in the Faculty for mechanical engineering Skopje. Software package is composed of several subprograms for calculation of power plants with or without fuel cells. Variables are optimized by the method of successive approaches and as criteria for optimization is used the maximum overall exergy efficiency. The software package is verified by comparing the results with the collected parameters of existing power plants or power plants which are still in the research phase. Economy and ecology analysis is provided for this type of power plants.

[1]. Zeitz R., Energy Efficiency Handbook, CIBO, Burke Centre Parkway, VA, USA: Council of Industrial
Boiler Owners, 1997.
[2]. Boyce M., Handbook for Cogeneration and Combined Cycle Power Plant, Second Edition, USA:
ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2002.
[3]. Hirschenhofer J., Stauffer D., Engleman R., Klett M, Fuel Cell Handbook-Fourth Edition, Parsons
Corporation, Reading, PA, USA: FETC, 1998.

[4]. Kavrakoglu I., , Mathematical modelling of energy, Sijthoff & Nooordhoff International Publishers B.V., Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, 1981.
[5]. Vujanovic B., Methods of optimisation, Novi Sad, Serbia: Naucna Knjiga - Beograd, 1980......

The dispersion of gases in liquids in many areas like chemical engineering, biochemical engineering and waste treatment systems is of prime importance. Hence, there have been many significant contributions in recent years in the development of more efficient gas- liquid ejector. In this paper we have made an attempt to develop a mathematical model for liquid hold up.

[1]. Hills, J. H., (1976), The operation of a bubble column at high throughputs in gas holdup measurements, Chem. Eng., 12, 89-99.
[2]. Mandal, A., Kundu, G, and Mukherjee, D., (2003b), Interfacial area and liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a downflow bubble column, Can J of Chem Eng, 81, 212–219.

It has been observed that a lot of accidents occur because of lack of safety awareness. Men fall from ladders, operate their machines without guards, drop objects on their toes, or cut their hands because of misuse of tools. All these occur as a result of unsafe acts, or unsafe working conditions. This study therefore has been designed to appraise occupational safety and health practices in manufacturing industries in Kaduna and Niger states of Nigeria. Three research questions and 2 hypotheses guided the study. The study was carried out in 30 functional industries spread between Niger and Kaduna States. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The respondents for the study comprised of 50 Administrators, 70 Engineers/Technologist and 150 Technicians/Craftsmen. A structured questionnaire consisting of 48 items was used for data collection. Mean scores, Standard deviations and One Way Analysis (ANOVA) were used in the analysis of the data collected. Findings show that some safety equipment and facilities are provided, but management need to show more commitment in providing more facilities. Safety departments in many of the industries are not functional. Not much is done in terms of safety Education. It was recommended among others that, functional fire fighting vehicles and facilities should be improved upon. Posters, safety booklets, films, special classroom sessions, and interaction with safety specialist/supervisors should be used to educate and enlighten employees on safety issues, safety inspectors from government ministries should play supervisory role in ensuring strict compliance

[1]. R. Baratto, V. Chandra, and D. Field, "Ensuring the Safety and Health of Employees in Global Industries Using Lean Systems". NAIT Conference Proceeding Papers, 2007. pp. 178-182. Available: http://atmae.org/conven/NAIT2007ConvPapers.pdf

[2]. D. K. Diraso, "The Status of Industrial Safety Education Programme and Accident Preventions in Manufacturing Industries in North-Eastern States of Nigeria". Unpublished PhD Thesis. Federal University of Technology, Yola. 2006.
[3]. R. O. Adewoye, "Environmental Associated Safety Problems, (problems and solutions)" Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Abuja, 2005.
[4]. R. K. Jain, Production Technology. New Delhi: Khanna Publishers, 2006.
[5]. U. Bugaje, A. Hamalai, and S. Indabawa "Industrial Development in the Northern States". Abuja: Sonite Publishers Ltd., 2002.....

The aim of this paper was to determine the dominant rainfall cycles in Adamawa State of north – eastern Nigeria. This was necessitated by the devastating flood events that occasionally ravage the area destroying lives, farmlands and property. In spite of this frequent hazard, research of erratic rainfall events in the area have remained scanty. Thirty five (1977 – 2011) years rainfall data were used to calculate the order of importance, cycles and periodicities of rainfall of the area. The technique employed to achieve this is the Harmonic Analysis which was used to mathematically express the complex fluctuations usually observed in the time series trend. Result shows that four cycles namely 1,5,10 and 13 with amplitudes of 162.21mm, 129.40mm, 124.66mm and 120.22mm and periodicities of 35, 6.20, 5.40 and 3.30 respectively were dominant. All calculations were performed with the aid of SPSS version 20 statistical program. Following from the findings, it is suggested that relevant authorities should use the result obtained to alert the populace in the area on the probability of flood in any identified year, while a comprehensive flood management plan for the area should be developed. With these measures, we hope that the devastating effect of flooding in that part of the country will be greatly minimised.

[1]. Adefolalu, D.O. (1984). "The Total Static Energy of the tropical atmosphere and the little dry season in West Africa". Nigerian Geographical Journal, 27 pp 28 – 43.
[2]. Adefolalu, D.O., and Oguntoyinbo, J.C. (1985). On Rainfall Distribution and Agricultural Planning. Journal of Tropical Geography, vol. II, pp 64 – 72.
[3]. Aguolu, B. (2012). Rainfall and Flash Flooding in Ogbaru L.G.A. Anambra State: Journal of Ecological Review, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp 44 – 58.
[4]. Amahwa, J. (2010): Rainfall and River Discharges in Middle Owena River Basin". Basin Analysis, Vol. 1, No. 11, pp 84 – 91.
[5]. Anyadike, R.N.C. (1987). "A multivariate classification and regionalization of West African Climates". Journal of Climatology, 7 pp 157 – 164.....

Energy is defined as the ability or capacity to do work. Energy can be found in number of different forms. It can be chemical energy, electrical energy, heat (thermal energy), light (radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy. There has been an enormous increase in the demand for energy since the middle of the last century as a result of industrial development and population growth. Total commercial energy consumption has been growing tremendously since the last decade. The five most energy intensive industrial sub sectors including iron and steel, petroleum refining, cement production, pulp and paper and chemicals account for approximately 45 percent of all industrial energy consumption in the region. Sadly enough, large amounts of energy consumed by industry are used inefficiently because of lack of awareness about proper energy management and weak energy policies and measures, among others. Hence, finding ways to increase energy efficiency in the industrial sector is important. In this paper, energy conservation is viewed from management as well as technical aspects. Management aspect deals with studying and identifying the barriers that affect company's ability to become energy efficient. This can be identified by conducting a survey. Technical aspect deals with studying and identifying the various opportunities for saving energy in an industry. Approximate energy savings, investment and payback period were estimated with the data collected from a plant of a petroleum refining organization.

[1]. Ming Yang, ' Energy efficiency policy impact in India: case study of investment in industrial energy efficiency', Energy Policy 34 (2006), pp 3104-3114
[2]. C Bergh and Dr B Cohen, 'Energy efficiency in the South African oil refining industry', 2011 Proceedings of the 8th Conference on the Industrial amd Commercial Use of Energy, pp 46-52
[3]. Soma Bhattacharya and Maureen L. Cropper, 'Options for Energy Efficiency in India and Barriers to Their Adoption', April 2010, RFF DP 10-20
[4]. Amulya K.N.Reddy, ' Barriers to improvements in energy efficiency', Energy policy December 1991, pp 953-.
[5]. Aimee McKane, Lynn Price, Stephane de la Rue du Can, 'Policies for Promoting Industrial Energy Efficiency in Developing Countries and Transition Economies', United Nations Industrial Development Organization,Vienna, 2008....

These All over world demand for software development using open source technology that are beneficial for software costing. This paper is based on implementation of GIS and improves software structure using open source technology. Now the term GIS is a system designed to capture, stores, manipulate, analyze, manage and presents all types of spatial data related to earth using proprietary GIS platform, that provides functionality and services for GIS processing operates by only GIS analyst. It is required to develop extensible open source applications with GIS functionality according to application needs that are easy to operate by GIS user as well as common user using open source technology in comparison to costly software licenses, restriction on use, interoperability, extensibility, ease of use and performance with increased decision making process. This paper presents the development of such software keeping in mind a specific application, viz. flood alert system.

[1]. Open Source Map Window GIS [Online]. Available:
[2]. http://www.mapwindow.org/.
[3]. MapWindow GIS ActiveX Control [Online]. Available: http://www.mapwindow.org/tutorials/MapWinGISActiveX%20DevelopmentTutorial.pdf.
[4]. Introduction of MapWindow [Online]. Available: http://indianocean.coaps.fsu.edu/FOSS_GIS/Introduction_to_Mapwindow_GIS_Ver_4_3.pdf.
[5]. http://giswin.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp/sis/gis_seminar/20121220Aghasi.pdf.....

Titanium alloys usually reheated in the electrical furnace during the forging operations, the factors for reheating were noted and analyzed with the help of cause and effect diagram. During the forging operations, the temperature range usually preferred for the titanium alloy lies between 850°c and 930°c. If the temperature of the alloy is decreased, during the preheating stage it should be reheated in the electrical furnace, to obtain the forging temperature. The reheating of the titanium alloy in the furnace results in more power consumption and time loss which may results in lower profit. In this paper the different factors that results the reheating of the titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V while the forging operations is identified. The temperature while forging the titanium is recorded using the optical pyrometer and the factors for the temperature variation is analyzed using the managerial tool.

[1] Y G Zhou, W.D Zeng, H Q Yu,(2005) "An investigation of a new near-beta forging process for titanium alloys and its application in aviation components", Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 393, no. 1, pp. 204-212.
[2] C.C Chen, J E Coyne (1976), " Deformation Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V alloy under Isothermal Forging conditions", metallurgical transactions A, vol 7( A): pg 1931-1940.
[3] James D Destefani, "Properties & selection: Non ferrous alloys and special purpose materials", ASM international,ASM handbook, pages 586-605.
[4] Dale H Besterfeild, Glen H Besterfeild, "Total Quality Management", 2003, pages 205-213.

In this paper, image compression using orthogonal wavelet transforms of Walsh, Cosine, Haar, Kekre, Slant and Sine is studied. Wavelet transform of size N2xN2 is generated using its corresponding orthogonal transform of size NxN. These wavelet transforms are applied on R, G, and B planes of 256x256x3 size colour images separately. In each transformed plane rows/columns are sorted in their descending order of energy, and lowest energy coefficients are eliminated to compress the image. This procedure is repeated for different compression ratios and in each case image is reconstructed. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between original image and reconstructed image is calculated to measure the performance of transform. Wavelet transforms are applied in three different ways: Column wavelet, Row wavelet and Full wavelet and their performance is compared using RMSE. From the results it has been observed that, RMSE obtained using full wavelet transform is nearly half than column and row wavelet transform. Also, results of wavelet transforms are compared with results of their orthogonal transforms. Full DCT wavelet transform outperforms all other transforms.

[1]. Chen Li-fang, Cao Xi and Gao Jin-Ji, A study on electromagnetic driven bi-disc compensator for rotor auto-balancing and its movement control, WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control, 5 (5), 333-342, 2010.
[2]. Andrew J. Winzenz, Active balancing developments for power generation, OMMI, 1 (2), 1-8, 2002.
[3]. Beginner‟s Guide to Machine Vibration, Commtest Instruments Ltd, 2006.
[4]. A. S. Sekhar and Debraj Sarangi, On-line balancing of rotors, Proceedings of NacoMM-2003, IIT Delhi, 437-443, 2003.
[5]. Shiyu Zhou and Jianjun Shi, Active balancing and vibration control of rotating machinery, The Shock and Vibration Digest, Sage Publications, 33 (4), 361-371, 2001.....

Pipe bends are critical components in piping systems. In the manufacturing process of pipe bends it is difficult to avoid thickening on the inner radius of the pipe bend and thinning on the outer radius of the pipe bend. The cross section of the bend also becomes non circular due to bending process; this tends to cause ovality in pipe bends. The acceptability of pipe bends is based on the induced level of shape imperfections considered. Ovality is the shape imperfection considered for the analysis which varies from 0 to 8%.This study is an attempt to analyze the ovality effect of inlet pigtail bend, INCOLOY 800 ASTM B407 material which is used in hydrogen reformer application. The finite element method is used to model and analyze a stand-alone, long-radius pipe bend with 42.2mm nominal diameter and a 250mm bend radius with specified length. A parametric study was performed in which the bend factor is taken as 1.90 to 2.07. Internal pressure is incremented for each model, until it reaches 27 x 108 N/mm2. During this process, the bend undergoes plastic instability due to pressure and thermal effect. The results are presented in the form of total deflection and stresses for the incremented internal pressure and the same is computed for various percentage of ovality. The computed results are compared and the effects of total deflection and stresses of the pipe bends are noted.

[1]. Bendick W, Weber H. Utersuchung von Zeitstandschadigungund Erschopfung an eiem Rohrbogenaus 14MoV 6 3 VGB Kraftswerkstechnik September 1989; 69(9):936-944.
[2]. Hyde TH, Sun W, Williams JA. Prediction of creep failure life of internally pressurised thick walled Cr MoV pipes. Int J Pres Ves Piping2000; 76:925–33.
[3]. Hyde TH, Yaghi A, Becker AA, Earl PG. Comparison of toroidal pipes and 908 pipe bends during steady-state creep. Proceedings of the fifth international colloquium on ageing of materials and methods for the assessment of lifetimes of engineering plant, Cape Town; April1999. p. 305–17.
[4]. Hyde TH, Sun W, Williams JA. Life estimation of pressurised pipe bends using steady state creep reference rupture stresses. Int J Pres Ves Piping 2002; 79:799–805.
[5]. Hyde TH, Sun W, Becker AA. Effect of geometry change on the creep failure life of a thick-walled Cr MoV pipe with a circumferential element. Int J Pres Ves Piping 2004; 81:363–71......

Direct Strength Analyses are meant for evaluating the yield strength and buckling strength using net dimensions of primary strength members of the container carrier. The paper deals about the automation of direct strength analysis procedure using ANSYS. The stresses at different locations are calculated due to internal cargo load, ballast load, and the external hydrodynamic sea pressure for specific load cases. The still water bending moment (SWBM) has been picked from loading manuals. The wave bending moments (WBM) are calculated from JBP Rules. The effects of SWBM & WBM are applied to the structure with proper load combination factor and local hull girder moment correction. The results are extracted using general post-processor of ANSYS for checking yielding, buckling and ultimate strength. The overall safety of the vessel is checked.

[1]. E.C. Tupper, Introduction to Naval Architecture, third edition, Butterworth- Heinemann, June 27, 1996.
[2]. H. Benford, Naval Architecture for Non-Naval Architects, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1991.
[3]. IACS, Guide lines for Surveys, Assessment and repair of hull structures, container ships, First edition, 2006.
[4]. J.J. Jensen, Load and Global Response of Ships, Oxford: Elsevier, 2001.
[5]. W. Muckle, Strength of ship structures, Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd, 1967.....

The present day transportation is facing many problems. Delay, Congestion, Over consumption of fuel, reliability, pollution and safety are some of the major concerns. Speed of traffic is a parameter which have direct impact on almost all the above problems. Safety of pedestrians as well as motorists are direcly influenced by the speed both in number of accidents and its severity. In Kerala, the vehicle population is increasing at a rate higher than the average and hence the concern is much higher. The various classes of roads are considered in the study and the speed profile of traffic is analysed. The average speed of stream is compared with the posted speed limits and the necessity of enforcing or modifying the posted speed limits is studied.

[1]. Basil David Daniel, Prof. Alan Nicholson, Dr. Glen Koorey," Investigating speed patterns and estimating speed on traffic calmed streets", IPENZ Transportation Group Conference Auckland March, 2011
[2]. A. Pascale, F. Deflorio, M. Pedroli, M. Nicoli, B. Dalla Chiara, "Analysis of typical speed profiles from floating heavy vehicles", 2nd International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems 22-24 June, 2011, Leuven, Belgium
[3]. Taylor M A P, Rutherford L. M, Speed Profiles at Slow Points on Residential Streets, 13th Australian Road Research Board Conference, Vermont South, Victoria, Australian Road Research Board, p. 65-77
[4]. Martin R. Parker, Lori J. Dereniewski, "Review and Analysis of Posted Speed Limits and Speed Limit Setting Practices in British Columbia", Final Report Spring 2003, British Columbia Ministry of Transportation 4B - 940 Blanshard Street Victoria, B.C. V8W 9T5.

A firewall is a system for enforcing access control policy between two networks and is one of the most important measures to protect against network attacks. Firewalls traditionally protect the internal network from outside threats. But there has been increasing need for preventing the misuses of the network by the internal users which most previous firewalls overlook. Now a days, the Internet users are traditionally relied on the firewalls to enforce their security policy by protecting their local network systems from the network- based security threat and illegal data access. However, these controls do not provide a comprehensive solution to secure a private network connected to the Internet. Depending on the institution's local policy, authentication may be restricted to computers located in offices in which there is an individual who is responsible for use of the machine. Such a policy may be enforced in order to provide some means of security against hacking remote services. This paper deals with how to simulate the Firewall based on different policy rules and Compare it with some other security system.

[1]. E. Al-Shaer and H. Hamed. "Firewall Policy Advisor for Anomaly Detection and Rule Editing."
IEEE/IFIP Integrated Managem
[2]. Alex X. Liu, Member, IEEE, Mohamed G. Gouda, Member, IEEE "Diverse Firewall Design"
[3]. Rongbo Du, Rei Safavi-Naini and Willy "Design and Implementation of A Content Filtering Firewall"
[4]. William Stallings "Cryptography and Network Security Principles and practices" pearson 2nd edition.
[5]. Asian Journal of Information Technology –Med well Journal online-ISSN1682-3915 –2007.