Volume 8 - Issue 12

IJERD : Volume 8 - Issue 12

S C Gairola

Theory of Phonon- Phonon Interaction in Semiconductor Crystals
  • Abstract
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An equation of motion technique of quantum dynamics and Dyson equation approach have been used to obtain Fourier transformed electron Green`s function in presence of isotopic impurity and anharmonicity Hamiltonian has been taken as a sum of harmonic part , electron part , defect part , electron phonon interaction part , anharmonic part .The anharmonicity has been taken upto quartic terms . The response function has been obtained responsible for electron phonon linewidth . At high temperature, an expression of electron density of states (EDOS) has been obtained according to different fields present in semiconductor continuum. An EDOS has been also influenced by perturbed mode energy .The effect on intensity of peaks with respect to temperature and different excitations has been undertaken in this framework.
Electron , Phonon , Electron Green`s function , Anharmonic mode , Electron density of states.

[1]. Keyan Li, Yanju Li, and Dongfeng Xue, "Band Gap Engineering of Crystal Materials: Band Gap Estimation of Semiconductors via Electronegativity", Funct. Mater. Lett., vol. 5,p. 1260002, 2012.

[2]. Shinji Fukuda, Yuichi Sabi, Toshio Kawahara and Sataroo Yamaguchi, "Performance Estimation of Silicon-Based Self-Cooling Device", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 52, p.054201, 2013.
[3]. J. Callaway, Quantum Theory of the Solid State Part A, New York, London: Academic Press, 1974, ch.1, p.2.
[4]. A. Chauhan and S.C.Gairola,"Electron Phonon Interaction in Electron Density of States of Semiconductor Crystals", Eds. N. Yadav , S. Dubey , S. K. Ghosh , in Proc. EIPT-2011, Published by Excel India Publishers, New Delhi with ISBN : 978-93-81361-31-3 , paper MS-5,P.144.
[5]. P. H. Dederichs, New Concepts in the Physics of Phonons,1977....

Citation
S C Gairola "Theory of Phonon- Phonon Interaction in Semiconductor Crystals" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0001. India
Page 01-05
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M.A. Louhibi, N. Salhi, H. Bouali, S. Louhibi

Numerical modelling of heat transfer in a channel with transverse baffles

  • Abstract
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In this work, forced convect ion heat t r ans fer inside a channel of rectangular sect ion, containing some rectangular baf f le plates , is numer ical ly analyzed. We have developed a numer ical model based on a f ini te -volume method, and we have solved the coupl ing pr es sur e -veloci ty by the SIMPLE algor i thm [6] . We
s h o w t h e e f f e c t s o f v a r i o u s p a r a me t e r s o f t h e b a f f l e s , s u c h a s , b a f f l e ' s h e i g h t , locat ion and number on the i sotherms , s t reaml ines, temperatures di st r ibut ions and local Nus sel t number values. I t i s concluded that : I ) The baf f les locat ion and height has a meaningful ef fect on i sotherms , st r eaml ines and total heat t rans fer through the channel . (II) The heat t rans fer enhances wi t h i n c r e a s i n g b o t h b a f f l e ' s h e i g h t and number.
Forced convect ion, Baf f les, Fini te volume method, Simple, Quick, k- 
[1] . S.V.PATANKAR, E.M.SPARROW, « Ful ly develope d f low and heat t r ans fer in duct s having st ream wise -per iodic var iat ions of cros s - sect ional area », Journal of Heat Trans fer , Vol . 99, p (180 -6) , 1977.
[2] . L.C.DEMARTNI , H.A.VIELMO and S.V.MOLLER, « Numer ical and exper imental analys i s of the turbulent f low thr ough a channel wi th baf f le plates », J . of the Br az. Soc. of Mech. Sci . & Eng. , Vol . XXVI , No. 2, p (153 - 159) , 2004.
[3] . R.SAIM, S.ABBOUDI , B.BENYOUCEF, A.AZZI , « Simulat ion numér ique de la convect ion forcée turbulente dans les échangeur s de chaleur à faisceau et calandre muni s des chicanes t ransver sales », Algér ian journal of appl ied f luid mechanics / vol 2 / 2007 ( ISSN 1718 – 5130) .
[4] . M. H. NASIRUDDIN, K. SEDDIQUI « Heat t rans fer t augmentat ion in a heat exchanger tube using a baf f le», Internat ional journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 28 (2007) , 318 -328.
[5] . H.K. Ver s teeg ; W. Malalasekera « An int roduct ion to computat ional f luid dynamics » ISBN 0.582 -21884-5....
Citation
M.A. Louhibi, N. Salhi, H. Bouali, S. Louhibi "Numerical modelling of heat transfer in a channel with transverse baffles" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0002. Morocco
Page 06-18
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E.Punarselvam, G.Sumathi, R.Parthasarathy, M.suresh

Big Data Using Hadoop Database Using Python Language to Implement Real Time Applications
  • Abstract
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In previous day lot of databases are use to store and reterive the data but it is complex when the data
size reach at (petabytes).in recent days we use Hadoop database for big data. The Hadoop database is use to store datasets based on java language. In our paper talk about using python coding to store datasets . Hadoop databases for real time applications and projects. Python is user friendly environment it works all platform. But in java coding is large and it's not easy to debug and execute. Python is very easy to execute the code line by line.
Big data, Hadoop database, Python, Map reduce algorithm, geo datasets.
[1]. Global Research Data Infrastructures: Towards a 10-year vision for global research data infrastructures.
Final Roadmap, March 2012. [online] http://www.grdi2020.eu/Repository/FileScaricati/6bdc07fbb21d-4b90-81d4-d909fdb96b87.pdf
[2]. Riding the wave: How Europe can gain from the rising tide of scientific data. Final report of the High Level Expert Group on Scientific Data. October 2010. [online] Available at http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/ict/e-infrastructure/docs/hlg-sdi-report.pdf.
[3]. Birney E. 2012, The making of ENCODE: Lessons for big-data projects, Nature, vol.489, pp.49-51.
[4]. Hadoop: The Definitive Guide, Third Edition by Tom White (O'Reilly - 2012).
[5]. http://source.mozillaopennews.org/en-US/code/dataset-python.....
Citation
E.Punarselvam, G.Sumathi, R.Parthasarathy, M.suresh "Big Data Using Hadoop Database Using Python Language to Implement Real Time Applications" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0003. India
Page 19-22
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M.Arulmani, V.R.Hema Latha

Neutrinos Exist In Earth Atmosphere?! (A New Theory on Fundamental Neutrinos and Human Embryo)
  • Abstract
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A scientific based research in this article focus the philosophy of existence of fundamental Neutrinos. The fundamental Neutrinos shall be considered as the source of 2nd Generation radiation evolved in the expanding Universe. The other two radiations namely Anti-Neutrino radiation (ANR), Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) shall be considered as the 1st Generation and 3rd Generation radiation. The Neutrino radiation (NR) shall be considered as emanated from three-in-one fundamental "Neutrino Particles" PHOTON,
ELECTRON, PROTON. The Neutrino radiation shall be hypothetically called alternatively as "J-Radiation" and acts as "SOUL" of Material Universe. In other words it shall be stipulated that all the matter such as Planets, Organic, Non-organic matter shall be considered as existing under equilibrium condition due to impact of J-Radiation having Zero Neutrinos mass. "EMR" shall be considered as "Species" to J-Radiation having little higher neutrinos mass. The research focused in this article shall provide solutions to the various current controversial quantum theories such as string theory, special relatively, Atomic theory, cell theory etc. "J- Radiation shall alternatively mean "SOUL" of Material Universe; SOUL shall mean "J".
1. Philosophy of "CELL"
2. Philosophy of "ATOM"
3. Philosophy of Three generation
4. Philosophy of Three Domain of Universe
5. Philosophy of God Particles
6. Philosophy of Soul
7. Philosophy of Human Embryo
8. Philosophy of Chromosome growth.
9. Philosophy of Genus and Species.
10. Philosophy of Model Cosmo Universe.
[1]. Intensive Internet "e-book" study through, Google search and wikipedia
[2]. M.Arulmani, "3G Akkanna Man", Annai Publications, Cholapuram, 2011
[3]. M. Arulmani; V.R. Hemalatha, "Tamil the Law of Universe", Annai Publications, Cholapuram, 2012
[4]. Harold Koontz, Heinz Weihriah, "Essentials of management", Tata McGraw-Hill publications, 2005
[5]. M. Arulmani; V.R. Hemalatha, "First Music and First Music Alphabet", Annai Publications,
Cholapuram, 2012....
Citation
M.Arulmani, V.R.Hema Latha "Neutrinos Exist In Earth Atmosphere?! (A New Theory on Fundamental Neutrinos and Human Embryo)" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0004. India
Page 23-32
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P. Sujatha, N.Tulasi Radha

An Efficient Data Correctness Approach over Cloud Architectures
  • Abstract
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Now a day's secure data storage over cloud servers is an important research issue in the field of cloud computing, Even though various traditional approaches are there for cloud storage, but they are not optimal, because many of the traditional mechanisms are not optimal for data correctness, integrity and dynamic data support. In this paper we are introducing an efficient mechanism for data correctness and error detection, for the implementation purpose we simulated the system with the new architecture.
An Efficient Data Correctness Approach over Cloud Architectures.
[1]. C. Wang, Q. Wang, K. Ren, and W. Lou, "Ensuring Data StorageSecurity in Cloud Computing," Proc. 17th Int'l Workshop Quality of Service (IWQoS '09), pp. 1-9, July 2009.
[2]. Amazon.com, "Amazon Web Services (AWS)," http://aws. amazon.com, 2009.
[3]. Sun Microsystems, Inc., "Building Customer Trust in Cloud Computing with Transparent Security," offers/details/sun_transparency.xml, Nov. 2009.
[4]. K. Ren, C. Wang, and Q. Wang, "Security Challenges for the Public Cloud," IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 69-73, 2012.
[5]. M. Arrington, "Gmail Disaster: Reports of Mass Email Deletions," mass-email-deletions, Dec. 2006....
Citation
P. Sujatha, N.Tulasi Radha "An Efficient Data Correctness Approach over Cloud Architectures" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0005. India
Page 33-37
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Adenike Boyo, Okafor Paul, Ibrahim Abdulsalami, Oluwole Surukite, Dr H. O. Boyo, Henry Boyo

Application of Hibiscus Sabdariffa and leaves of Azardirachta Indica calyxes as sensitizers in Dyesensitized solar cells
  • Abstract
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  • Full Article
In this study we explored the application of Hibiscus sabdariffa and leaves of Azardirachta Indica calyxes methanolic extracts as sensitizers in Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSCs). The absorptions of the extracts were determined at different wavelengths (350-1000nm) and the effects of changing pH of the extract solution are also reported. The obtained values for Hibiscuss sabdariffa are solar energy conversion efficiency 0.002 %, fill factor 0.739, current density 4.5mA/cm-² and Voc 0.0124mV.For Azardirachta Indica conversion efficiency is 0.00017 %, fill factor 0.4, current density 2.5mA/cm-² and Voc 0.0118mV. We notice that the Fill Factor and
solar energy conversion efficiency of Hibiscuss sabdariffa extract are higher than that of Azardirachta indica sensitized solar cell. This might be due to the abundance presence of anthocyanins in Hibiscuss sabdariffa, bonding of anthocyanins molecules with Titanium dioxide and minimal internal looses in the junction of the cell. The adjustment of extracts pHs from normal to acidic as significant effect on the absorption maxima of the extracts.
Methanol, Titanium dioxide, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Azardirachta Indica calyxes, Dye-sensitized solar cell.

[1]. Boyo A. O, Boyo H.O, Abudusalam I.T. and Adeola S., Dye Sensitized Nanocrystalline Titania Solar cell using Laali Stem Bark (lawsonia inermis), Transnational Journal of Science and Technology Macedonia,2012
[2]. Calogero G. and Di Marco G. , Red Sicilian orange and purple egg plant fruits as natural dye from calafate and jabotica sol. Energy. Mat. Sol. Cell, 2008, 92: 1341-1346

[3]. Coicut D & Barra L. ,Solar Energy Materials and Solar cells ,1992, vol.27, pp 79
[4]. Efurfumibe, E.L., Asisgbu, A.D. and Onuu, M.U., Mathematical modeling of electron transport through the anode (TiO2) of a standard dye sensitized solar cells. Asian Journal of applied science, 2012, volume 5, 34 - 42.
[5]. Gratzel, M., Molecular photovoltaics that mimic photosynthesis. Pure Appl. Chem., 2001, Vol. 73, No. 3, pp. 459–467.....

Citation
Adenike Boyo, Okafor Paul, Ibrahim Abdulsalami, Oluwole Surukite, Dr H. O. Boyo, Henry Boyo "Application of Hibiscus Sabdariffa and leaves of Azardirachta Indica calyxes as sensitizers in Dyesensitized solar cells" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0006. Nigeria
Page 38-42
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S. C. Gairola

Raman Tensor in Semiconductor Crystals
  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • Reference
  • Full Article
The present problem has been solved by taking phonon Green`s function . Zubarev equation of motion technique of quantum dynamics has been applied to find Fourier transformed phonon Green` function. Phonon linewidth has been obtained from this method responsible for Raman Tensor. The expression for Raman Tensor has been separated into diagonal and non-diagonal parts. The development of different orders of Raman scattering and their peak intensities have been discussed in low temperature limit in presence of isotopic impurity in low concentration.
Electronic Polarizabilty , Phonon Green`s Function, Localized Mode, Raman Tensor, Semiconductor.

[1]. Y. C. Cheng, C. Q. Jin, F. Gao, X. L. Wu, W. Zhong, S. H. Li and Paul K. Chu,"Raman Scattering Study of Zinc Blende and Wurtzite ZnS", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 106, p. 123505, 2009.
[2]. K. A. Gonchar, G. K. Musabek, T. I. Taurbayev and V. Yu. Timoshenko, "Enhancement of Photoluminescence and Raman Scattering in One- Dimensional Photonic Crystals Based on Porous Silicon", Semiconductors, vol. 45, pp. 614-617, 2011.
[3]. Yannick Gillet, Matteo Giantomassi and Xavier Gonze, "First-Principles Study of Excitonic Effects in Raman Intensities", Phys. Rev. B, vol. 88, p. 094305, 2013.
[4]. B. B. S. Negi and P. N. Ram, "First-Order Raman Scattering in RbCl:Tl+ ", J. Phys. C:Solid State Phys., vol. 17, pp. 939-944, 1984.
[5]. C. P. Painuli, B. P. Bahuguna, B. D. Indu, and M. D. Tiwari, "Raman Scattering in Impurity-Induced Anharmonic Crystals", Int. J. Theor. Phys., vol. 31, pp. 81-108, 1992....

Citation
S. C. Gairola "Raman Tensor in Semiconductor Crystals" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0007. India
Page 43-48
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Harshit P. bhavsar, Ajay kumar kaviti

Optimization of Wax Tank Parameter to Improve the Quality of Wax Pattern in Investment Casting
  • Abstract
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The injection molding is one of the most efficient processes where mass production through automation is feasible and products with complex geometry are easily attained. Making of wax pattern is important process for investment casting. Detailed review of injection molding is presented in this paper. It is observed that the process parameter such as mould Temperature, Wax Temperature and cooling time have more influence on quality of wax pattern.
Optimization of Wax Tank Parameter to Improve the Quality of Wax Pattern in Investment Casting.

[1]. H.K.Patel, A.H.Makawana, and S.M.Patel "CFD ANALYSIS OF WAX TANK FOR WAX INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE" World Journal of Science and Technology 2012, 2(4):44-45 ISSN: 2231 – 2587
[2]. P.K. Bharti and M. I. Khan "RECENT METHODS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING PROCESS –A RETROSPECTIVE AND LITERATURE REVIEW" International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 2(9), 2010, 4540-4554
[3]. E. Medvedovski and M. Peltsman "LOW PRESSURE INJECTION MOULDING MASS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF COMPLEX SHAPE ADVANCED CERAMIC COMPONENTS" Advances in Applied Ceramics 2012 VOL 111 NO 5&6
[4]. Omkar Bemblage and D. Benny Karunakar "A STUDY ON THE BLENDED WAX PATTERNS IN INVESTMENT CASTING PROCESS" Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol I WCE 2011, July 6 - 8, 2011, London, U.K.
[5]. Sarojrani Pattnaik, D.B. Karunakar, P.K. Jha "PREDICTION OF WAX PATTERN CHARACTERISTICS IN INVESTMENT CASTING PROCESS USING FUZZY LOGIC MODELLING"...

Citation
Harshit P. bhavsar, Ajay kumar kaviti "Optimization of Wax Tank Parameter to Improve the Quality of Wax Pattern in Investment Casting" published at International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 8, Issue 12 (October 2013)
MID 0812.067X.0008. India
Page 49-54
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