This paper presents a simple unknown input estimation technique using generalized matrix inverse. The full
order observer constructed by g-inverse is extended and implemented for this purpose. The necessary and
sufficient condition has been introduced for existence of such an estimator. The proposed method is illustrated by numerical example (Two loop autopilot in pitch plane) and the MATLAB simulation results.

[1]. F.A. Graybill, Introduction to matrices with applications in statistics, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1969.
[2]. Katsuhiko Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd., 2011
[3]. David G. Luenberger, "An introduction to observer", IEEE Transaction on Automatic Control, vol. AC-16, no. 6, pp. 596-602, Dec. 1971.
[4]. G. Das and T. K. Ghoshal, "Reduced-order observer construction by generalized matrix inverse", International Journal of Control, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 371-378, Jan. 1981.
[5]. P. Kudva, N. Viswanadham and A. Ramakrishna, "Observers for linear systems with unknown inputs", IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. AC-25, no. 1, pp. 113-115, Feb. 1980....

We have derived several equations of motion from velocity-time graph. This paper shows that only five different equations of motion are derived from velocity time graph without needing to know the normal and frictional forces acting at the point of contact. We also discuss all the conditions to be an equation of motion. After deriving these five equations of motion, we examine the importance and the educational benefits of these equations of motion.

Five kinematical quantities, velocity-time graph representation, Conditions to be an equation of motion, importance and educational benefits.

[1]. V.K. Pandit. Science Book (For 9th class). Sahibjada Ajit Singh Nagar: Punjab School Education Board.
2012.
[2]. Science Textbook For class IX. New Delhi: NCERT, Central Board of Secondary Education. December 2011.
[3]. (2013) Wikipedia website. [Online]. Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations_of_motion.

[4]. Baltej Singh. Physics Lecturer of Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, Distt.-Sangrur, India. Personal communication. June 4, 2008.
[5]. Randhir Singh, HOD of physics department at Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, India. Personal communication. July 4, 2008.....

This paper reviews image segmentation as related to medical image processing. It examined fundamental medical image processing flow of actions, reviews available segmentation methods in literatures, their applications and brief performance. It conclusively highlight the need for development of a robust medical image segmentation method which will be able to recognize malignant growths in human body before it gets out of hand. The problem of cancerous growth as a threat to human existence is emphasized.

Image processing, medical images, image segmentation, image enhancement.

[1]. Ball, J. E and Bruce, L. M, (2007). Digital Mammographic Speculated Mass Detection and Spicule Segmentation Using Level Set. In Proceeding of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, 499-4984.

[2]. Rangayyan,R,M, Guliato, D, Decarvalho, J, D and Santiago, S.A, (2006). Feature Extraction from the Turning Angle Function for the Classification of Contours of Breast Tumors. IEEE Special Topic Symposium on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 4.
[3]. Li, H, Giger, M, L, Yuan, Y, Lan, L, and Sennett, C. A, (2008). Performance of CADx on a Large Clinical Database of FFDM Image, Pattern Recognition, 51(16), 510-514.

[4]. Mokheld, S.A., (2012). Lung Cancer Detection Using Image Processing Techniques. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 20, 147-158.
[5]. Katrien V., Dirk R., Van B., and Zwi N.B., (2003). The cell cycle, a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Black well Publishing, 36, 131-149....

The implementation of FIR filters on FPGA based on traditional method costs considerable hardware recourses, which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. A new design and implementation of FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic is provided in this paper to slove this problem. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resource usage while pipeline structure is also used to
increase the system speed. In addition, the divided LUT method is also used to decrease the required memory units. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware recourses to decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high reliability.

Distributed Arithmetic; Fir; Pipeline; Lut; Fpga.

[1]. Use Meyer-Baese.Digitalsignal processing with FPGA[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2006:50~51.
[2]. Tsao Y C and Choi K. Area-Efficient Parallel FIR Digital Filter Structures for Symmetric Convolutions Based on Fast FIR Algorithm [J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2010,PP(99):1~5.
[3]. Chao Cheng and Keshab K Parhi. Low-Cost Parallel FIR Filter Structures With 2-Stage Parallelism[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular ,2007,54(2):280~290.
[4]. Tearney G J and Bouma B E. Real-Time FPGA Processing for High-Speed Optical Frequency Domain Imaging [J]. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2009,28(9):1468~1472.
[5]. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Principles,Algorithms,and Applications by John G.Proakis....

In recent years forecasting of financial data such as stock market, exchange rate, interest rate and bankruptcy has been observed to be a potential field of research due to its importance in financial and managerial decision making. Survey of existing literature reveals that there is a need to develop efficient forecasting models involving less computational load and fast forecasting capability. Our proposed work aims to fulfill this objective by analyzing and comparing different ANN and Fuzzy models with some specified attributes. These networks involve nonlinear inputs and simple ANN structure with few neurons. The models are functional link artificial neural network (FLANN) as well as Dynamic Radial Basis Functional Networks (RBF) model and hybrid NEURO-FUZZY model. These models have been tested to predict currency exchange rate between US dollar Indian Rupees and Japanese Yen and also stock market data like US-RUPEE and IBM etc. The performances of the proposed models have been evaluated through simulation and compared with those obtained from other models. Experimental results are compared on basis of various parameters including Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (AMAPE), Volatility and Error Convergence. An approach is designed with the key parameter SVI (Setty Volatility Index) to classify the dataset and further decide the right model for the prediction problem.

An Approach to Identify a Model for Efficient Prediction of Exchange Rates Using Setty Volatile Index (SVI).

[1]. Kimoto,T., Asakawa K., Yoda M., Takeoka M., "Stock market prediction system with modular neural networks", IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 1990., 1990 17-21 June 1990 Page(s):1 - 6 vol.1
[2]. Clarence N.W. Tan and Gerhard E. Wittig, "A Study of the Parameters of a Back propagation Stock Price Prediction Model", Proceedings 1993 The First New Zealand International Two-Stream Conference on Artificial Neural Networks and Expert Systems p. 288-91,1993
[3]. Tan, H.; Prokhorov, D.V.; Wunsch, D.C., II; "Conservative thirty calendar day stock prediction using a probabilistic neural network", Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering, 1995., Proceedings of the IEEE/IAFE 1995 9-11 April 1995 Page(s):113 – 11742....

[4]. Ornes, C.; Sklansky, J.; "A neural network that explains as well as predicts financial market behavior", Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering 1997, Proceedings of the IEEE/IAFE 1997 24-25 March 1997 Page: 43 – 49.
[5]. Yamashita, T.; Hirasawa, K.; Jinglu Hu; "Application of multi-branch neural networks to stock market prediction", IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, 2005. IJCNN '05. Volume 4, Aug. 2005 Page(s):2544 – 2548 vol. 4.....

As part of the Indian Space program, ISRO has been developing Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites and
deploying the satellite data processing software at various data reception stations. Starting from the first satellite IRS-1A, all IRS series of satellites, have been provided with a sub-sampled mode of image display at all IRS data reception stations. Initially the image extraction from the baseband data and the sub-sampled display was realized through a customized hardware processor. Later on the total real time quick look data processing and display of sub-sampled image data functionality has been shifted to software. With a need for variation in the scope for the application like only data acquisition, data acquisition & quick look display at full resolution /subsampled with quick geometric and radiometric correction, deployment based application re-configurability has become a requirement. This paper presents the design and implementation of a real-time application for IRS satellite data acquisition, archival, preprocessing and visualization of full resolution image data for Resourcesat- 2 satellite by implementing task parallelism on multi-CPU multi core platform architecture which can be reconfigured for selected functions based on the need and platform being used.

Real time, Multi-spectral, Parallel process, Partitioning, Communication, Agglomeration, Mapping.

[1]. A.C. Sodan, Jacob Machina, Arash Deshmeh, Kevin Macnaughton, Bryan Esbaugh "Parallelism via Multithreaded and Multicore CPUs"
[2]. The Linux Programmer's Guide by Sven Goldt, Sven van der Meer, Scott Burkett, Matt Welsh
[3]. Designing and Building Parallel Programs, by Ian Foster http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~itf/dbpp/text/book.html
[4]. Texas Instruments Multi core programming guide
[5]. Ibrahim F. Haddad, X/Motif Programming, http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3666.

Motion estimation is the process which determine motion vectors that describe the transformation from one 2D image to another from adjacent frames in a video sequence. It is the motion is in three dimensions but the
images are a projection of the 3D scene onto a 2D plane. By motion estimation, we mean the estimation of the displacement or velocity of image structures from one frame to another in a time sequence of 2-D images. This projected motion is referred to as "apparent motion", "2-Dimage motion", or "optical flow". Optical flow estimation, motion estimation, 2-D motion estimation, or apparent motion estimation have same meanings. The motion vectors may relate to the whole image (global motion estimation) or specific parts, such as rectangular blocks, arbitrary shaped patches or even per pixel. The motion vectors may be described by a translational model or many other models that can approximate the motion of a real video camera, such as rotation and translation in all three dimensions and zoom. Here we are going to present a noble technique by means of what we can predict motion in medical video sequences using Gabor filter. Gabor filters are band pass filters which are used in image processing for feature extraction, texture analysis, and stereo disparity estimation.

Compression, Gabor filter, Motion estimation, Medical video, Quantization.

[1]. Nam-Joon Kim, SarpErtürk and Hyuk-Jae Lee "Two-Bit Transform Based Block Motion Estimation Using Second Derivatives" 2009 IEEE.
[2]. Jin-Hong Kim, Rae-Hong Park and Jino Lee "Video Completion Using Robust Motion Estimation and Color Compensation" 2011 IEEE.
[3]. PulakMondal , Swapna Banerjee "Motion Estimation in Medical Video Sequences Using Affine Transform" 2012 IEEE.

[4]. Pengbin Fu, HaifeiXiong, Huirong Yang "A Motion Estimation Algorithm for Educational Video
Compression" 2011 IEEE.
[5]. Pei-Jun Lee, Xu-Xian Huang "3D Motion Estimation algorithm in 3D Video Coding" 2011 IEEE....

This paper proposes a Adaptive Histogram Equalization method and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization Method for natural and un natural light scheme for adaptive image icontrast enhancement based on a generalization of histogram equalization (HE). HE is a useful technique for improving image contrast, but its effect is too severe for many purposes. However, dramatically different results can be obtained with relatively minor modifications. A concise description of adaptive HE is set out, and this framework is used in a discussion of past suggestions for variations on HE. A key feature of this formalism is a "cumulation function," which is used to generate a grey level mapping from the local histogram. This process can produce a range of degrees of contrast enhancement, at one extreme leaving the image unchanged, at another yielding full adaptive equalization.

Adaptive histogram equalization, contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization Enhancement, PSNR, MSE, NAE, CPSNR, Visual Contrast quality.

[1]. M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud, Md. Hasanul Kabir, M. Ali Akber Dewan, Oksam Chae, "A dynamic histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement", IEEE Transactions. Consumer Electron. vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 593- 600, May2007.
[2]. " Histogram Equalization Techniques For Image Enhancement"Rajesh Garg, Bhawna Mittal, Sheetal Garg,H.I.T., Sonepat, Haryana, India3S.M.Hindu Sr.Sec.School, Sonepat, Haryana, India IJECT Vol. 2, Issue 1, March 2011.
[3]. V. T. Tom and G. J. Wolfe, "Adaptive histogram equalization and its applications," SPIE Applicat. Dig. Image Process. IV, vol. 359, pp.
[4]. Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods, "Digital Image Processing", 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, 2002.
[5]. A. K. Jain, "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing".Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991....

This study describes an inertial dynamometer system (test rig) which has been applied to the testing of disc brake pads at different operating conditions. The test rig is equipped with several measuring instruments, and data acquisition systems [DAQ], which are necessary for performing the tests. Two sets of brake pads are tested. This study explains the temperature distribution obtained by experiments on two different shapes of brake discs pads affected by the types of shapes of brake discs pads, disc geometry and operating conditions. The test results also showed that the friction with hatched pad better fade resistance than the others.

disc brake; thermal stress; hatched pads; temperature distribution.

[1]. Z. Chi, G. F. Naterer and Y. He, Thermal Performance Analysis of Vented Automotive Brake Discs, CSME Forum 2008, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, 2008.
[2]. A., M., Amin, S., M., Seri, V., R., Raghavan, Study Of The Temperature Distribution In Disc Brakes By The Method Of Order-Of-Magnitude Analysis, Regional Conference on Engineering Mathematics, Mechanics, Manufacturing & Architecture (EM3ARC) 2007.
[3]. Voldaca and Gheorghe, "Concerns Regarding Temperature Distribution Obtained by Experiments and Finite Element Analyses for Two Types of Brake Discs" U.P.B Bull., Series D, Vol. 74, Iss. 3, 2012.
[4]. Feldmanis et al, "Mathematical Modeling of Disc Brake Friction Lining Heat and Wear", Jelgava, 29.- 30.05.2008.
[5]. Limpert, R., "Cooling Analysis of Disc Brake Rotors," SAE Technical Paper 751014, 1975. 668 842, Sept. 16, 1997....