In this paper, a discrete time host parasitoid model is investigated. The fixed points in the stability
are analyzed. Two biological phenomena, the Allee effect of host population aggregation of the parasitism are
considered in our mathematical model. The population dynamics are compressed when Allee effect is added, the
sensitivity to the initial conditions for the host parasitoid system decreased after adding Allee effect. Finally
various mathematical study were discussed.

[1]. Abd-Elalim A. Elsadany, H. A. EL-Metwally, E. M. Elabbasy, H. N. Agiza, 2012,Chaos and
bifurcation of a nonlinear discrete prey-predator system, Computational Ecology and Software,
2(3):169-180.
[2]. Bedding ton, J.R., Free, C.A., Lawton, J.H., 1975, Dynamic complexity in predator -Prey models
framed in difference equations. Nature 255, 58–60.
[3]. Danca N, Codreanu S, Bako B. 1997. Detailed analysis of a nonlinear prey -predator model. journal of
Biological Physics, 23: 11-20
[4]. Hastings, A., Higgins, K., 1994, Persistence of transients in spatially structuredEcological models.
Science 263, 1133–1136.
[5]. Hua Liu a,,Zizhen Li , 2009, "Dynamics of a host–parasitoid model with Allee effect for the hostand
parasitoid aggregation ", Ecological Complexity No.6,pp: 337–345.

A unified power quality controller (UPQC) using a Aritifical neural network (ANN) has been proposed. The results obtained through the ANN are good in terms of dynamic response because of the fact that the ANN is based on linguistic variable set theory and does not require a mathematical model of the system. Moreover, the tedious method of tuning the PI controller is not required in case of ANN. Simulations are carried out using MATLAB/Simulink to validate the theoretical findings.

Imperialistic competition algorithm, evolutionary algorithm, linear programming

[1]. J. L. Martinez Ramos, A. G. Exposito, and V. Quintana, "Transmissionloss reduction by interior point methods: implementation issues andpractical experience," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib.,vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 90–98, Jan. 2005.
[2]. G. Torres and V. Quintana, "An interior point method for non-linear optimalpower flow using voltage rectangular coordinates," IEEE Trans.Power Syst., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1211–1218, Nov. 1998.
[3]. S. Granville, "Optimal power dispatch through interior pont methods,"IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1780–1787, Nov. 1994.
[4]. D. Sun et al., "Optimal power flow by newton approach," IEEE Trans.Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-103, no. 10, pp. 2864–2875, Oct. 1984.
[5]. P. Ristanovic, "Successive linear programming based OPF solution,"Optimal Power Flow: Solution Techniques, Requirements and Challenges,IEEE Power Eng. Soc., pp. 1–9, 1996.

The study describes the application of statistical downscaling method (SDSM) to downscale rainfall and temperature data. In order to explore the SDSM method, the stations at Udhampur and Chatha, Jammu have been selected as a study site to test the methodology for rainfall and temperature respectively. The study included calibration and validate with large-scale atmospheric variables encompassing NCEP reanalysis data, the future estimation due to a climate scenario, which is HadCM3 A2. Results of downscaling show that during the calibration and validation stage, the SDSM model can be well acceptable regard its performance in the downscaling of daily precipitation and temperature. The result of climate projection reveals that the SDSM model has very good ability to replicate the historical maximum and minimum temperature for the observed period; but less for the observed precipitation with the simulated precipitation due to its conditional nature and high variability in space. Both the minimum and maximum temperature shows an increasing trend in all future time horizons for both A2 and B2 scenarios. For precipitation there is decreasing trend in the beginning of the rainy season (May & June) and increasing trend towards the end of rainy season (Sep & Oct).

SDSM, GCMs, climate change, downscaling.

[1]. Dawson, R. L. Wilson C. W. (2007). SDSM 4.2 – A Decision Support Tool for the Assessment of Regional Climate Change Impacts.
[2]. Dibike, Y. B. and P. Coulibaly. (2005) –Hydrologic Impact of Climate Change in the Saguenay Watershed: Comparison of Downscaling Methods and Hydrologic Models. Journal of Hydrology 307(1-4): 145-163.
[3]. Fowler HJ, Blenkinsop S, Tebaldi C. (2007).–Linking climate change modeling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modeling‖. Int J Climatol 27:1547–1578 27: 1547–1578.
[4]. Hasmiet.al., 2009–Statistical downscaling of precipitation: state-of-the-art and application of bayesian multi model approach foruncertaintyassessment.Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.Discuss., 6, 6535–6579, 2009.
[5]. Huang et. Al., 2010–Assessment of the utility of dynamically-downscaled regional reanalysis data to predict streamflow in west central Floridausing an integrated hydrologic model.Reg Environ Change.

Machine learning is type of artificial intelligence wherein computers make predictions based on data. Clustering is organizing data into clusters or groups such that they have high intra-cluster similarity and low inter cluster similarity. The two clustering algorithms considered are EM and Density based algorithm. EM algorithm is general method of finding the maximum likelihood estimate of data distribution when data is partially missing or hidden. In Density based clustering , clusters are dense regions in the data space, separated by regions of lower object density. The comparison between the above two algorithms is carried out using open source tool called WEKA , with the Weather dataset as it's input.

Machine learning, Unsupervised learning, supervised learning, EM clustering, Density based clustering, WEKA, Likelihood

[1]. Statistical pattern recognition: a review, Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Kyu-Young Whang, IEEE Transactions, August 2002, P: 4 - 37
[2]. A top-down approach for density-based clustering using multidimensional indexes Jae-Joon Hwan, Kyu-Young Whang, Yang-Sae Moon, Byung-Suk Lee, The Journal of Systems and Software 73 (2004) 169–180
[3]. The study of EM algorithm based on forward sampling. Peng Shangu, Wang Xiwu ; Zhong Qigen Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC), 2011 , Pages 4597 – 4600
[4]. A fast density based clustering algorithm for spatial database system. Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT), 2011 2nd International Conference, Pages: 1652 – 1656
[5]. Comparison of clustering algorithms using WEKA tool, Narendra Sharma, Aman Bajpai, Mr. Ratnesh Litoriya, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, (ISSN 2250-2459, Volume 2, Issue 5, May 2012.

This paper mitigate the harmonics, current balancing and investigate THD in distribution system. When the fuzzy logic controller with UPFC in power system is connected to distribution system to maintain the stability of a system in power quality issues like variation of voltage, current and harmonics at source side and load side will be penetrated into the distribution system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB SIMULINK and the results shows the results confirm the feasibility of proposed system.

Unified power flow controller (UPFC), Total harmonics distortion (THD),

[1]. IEEE FACTS Application Task Force, "FACTS Applications", Publication of IEEE PES SM, 1996.
[2]. C. W. Edwards et. al., "Advanced static var generator employing GTO thyristors", IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 1622-1627, Oct 1988
[3]. Gyugyi, "Unified power-flow control concept for flexible AC transmission systems", lEE Proceedings-C, Vol. 139, No. 4,pp. 323-331,July 1992.
[4]. Hiyama ,T. Sameshima, "Fuzzy logic control scheme for on-line stabilization of multi machine power system", Fuzzy Sets Systems, Vol. 39, pp. 181-194, 1991
[5]. Li-Xin Wang, "A Course in Fuzzy Systems and Control", Prentice Hall, 1997
[6]. Momoh, X. W. Ma, "Overview and Literature survey of Fuzzy set theory in power systems",IEEE Trans.on Power Systems,Vol. 10, No.3, Aug. 1995. pp. 1676-1690

Distributed generation (DB) systems came into existence due to the need for integration of various power generation plants. In order to interact with such systems power electronic converters are widely used. In this paper, we study single-phase inverterfor interfacing with DG systems that need certain features pertaining to quality such as reactive power compensation. When the DG unit functions are integrated with devices like single - phase inverter, it gets equipped with power filter capabilities. Thus the power flow can be controlled from the energy sources that are renewable. The converter also helps in load current harmonic compensation. The proposed control scheme comprises a repetitive controller, instantaneous reactive power and sinusoidal signal generator that depend on current reference generator. We built a prototype application that simulates the proof of concept. The empirical results revealed that the proposed scheme is feasible and effective.

DG, power quality, power quality control strategy, single – phase inverter

[1]. Z. Chen, J. M. Guerrero, and F. Blaabjerg, "A review of the state of the art of power electronics for wind turbines," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 1859–1875, Aug. 2009.
[2]. B. Yang, W. Li, Y. Zhao, and X.He, "Design and analysis of a gridconnected photovoltaic power system," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 992–1000, Apr. 2010.
[3]. M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. R. Filho, "Comprehensive approach to modeling and simulation of photovoltaic arrays," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198–1208, May 2009.
[4]. T. E. McDermott and R. C. Dugan, "Distributed generation impact on reliability and power quality indices," in Proc. IEEE Rural Electr. Power Conf., 2002, pp. D3–D3_7.
[5]. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, "Power electronics as efficient interface in dispersed power generation systems," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 1184–1194, Sep. 2004.

In recent years, application of Distributed Generation (DG) sources has increased significantly. Micro turbine-Generator (MTG) is well suitable for different distributed generation applications, because it can be connected in parallel to serve larger loads, can provide reliable power and has low-emission. The main characteristics of MTG can be summarized in low maintenance, capacity of operation with liquid and gas fuels (including natural gas) and small area required for installation [1]. MTGs have the rated power from 30 to 250 kW, generating electricity in ac, and they can be installed in isolated conditions or synchronized with the electrical utility.MTGs are available as single-shaft or split-shaft units. Single-shaft unit is a high-speed synchronous machine with the compressor and turbine mounted on the same shaft. While, the split-shaft design uses a power turbine rotating at 3000 rpm and a conventional generator connected via a synchronous generator-PMSG), frequency converters (interface converters), and protection and control systems (Fig. 1)[1] . The interface converter is used to convert PMSG output voltage frequency (high frequency) to power system (50/60 Hz) frequency.

Micro- turbine Genrator (MTG), Distributed generators, Matrix Converter (MC), Harmonics (H),

[1]. A. K. Saha, S. Chowdhury, S. P. Chowdhury, and P. A. Crossley, "Modeling and performance analysis of a microturbine as a distributed energy resource", IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 529-538, Jun. 2009.
[2]. T. Yu, J. Tong, and K. W. Chan, "Study on microturbine as a back-up power supply for power grid black-start", IEEE Int. Conf. 2009.
[3]. R. Noroozian, M. Abedi, G. B. Gharehpetian, and S. H. Hosseini, "Modelling and simulation of microturbine generation system for on-grid and off-grid operation modes", Int.l Conf. on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ'09), Apr. 2009.
[4]. A.P. W. Wheeler, J. Rodriguez, J. C. Clare, L.Empringham, and Weinstein, "Matrix Converters: A
[5]. Technology Review", IEEE Trans. Ind. Elec., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 276-288, Apr. 2002.

This study aims at establishing the sub-soil types and profile to ascertain the geotechnical characteristics of the underlying soils in Ubima in Ikwerre Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria and recommend appropriate foundation design and construction of projects in the area. Borings were accomplished using a percussion rig with the aid of augers. Representative samples were analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with relevant geotechnical engineering standards. The study revealed that the soil deposits within the depths explored are characterized by a near-surface deposit of firm to stiff sandy clay. Beneath is a medium dense sandy layer. The water table was at 11m below ground level. The thickness of this deposit, as confirmed by both the borings and the cone resistance soundings varies within 9m. The clay is mainly of moderate compressibilty with Mv values > 0.15m2/MN and Brownish in colour, with average Cone Penetrometer Test (CPT) value of 10kg/cm2. The allowable bearing capacity profile of the sub-surface shows moderate bearing capacity characteristics (1.5m: 132KN/m2). Settlement predictions based on a loading of 150KN/m2 indicated a settlement of 10mm. For design purposes, undrained cohesion of 50kPa, angle of internal friction of zero and saturated unit weight of 18kN/m3 are suggested for this layer. Underlying the lower clay is a layer of predominantly well sorted, medium dense sand. About 11m of the sand deposit was proved. Practically, for design purpose, mean angle of internal friction of 31o and cohesion zero are recommended for the sand layer. Following the results of this study, it is recommended that shallow foundation and placement of raft/mat foundations are viable options in the area.

Geotechnical Engineering, Sub-soil, Ubima, Niger Delta.

[1]. Amadi, A.N; Eze, C.J; Igwe, C.O; Okunlola, I.A and Okoye, N.O (2012). Architect's and geologist's view on the causes of building failures in Nigeria. Modern Applied Science, Vol.6 (6): 31 – 38.
[2]. Annor, A.E; Olasehinde, P.I and Pal, P.C (1987). Basement fracture patterns in the control of water channels – An example from Central Nigeria. Paper presented at the 23rd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Mining and Geosciences Society, Benin, pp9.
[3]. British Standard Methods of Test for soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. B.S 1377: Part 2, 1990. Published by the British Standards Institution, pp 8 – 200.
[4]. Carter M (1983) Geotechnical Engineering Handbook, Pentech Press, 226pp
[5]. Dun,T.S, Anderson L.R. and Keifer (1980) Fundamental of Geotechnical Analysis – John Wiley Publisher , 414 pages.

High cost is the dominating factor of convectional construction material which is affecting the housing system. As an alternative method to overcome this drawback which is decreasing the strength of building, it is necessary to make research on any alternating materials which will decrease the cost and increase the strength of concrete. This convectional construction material also made some problem to the environment cannot lead to proper disposal and many more results on increasing the impact on the environment. But coconut fiber which is natural fiber makes no effect on environment and also increases the strength of concrete compare to use of convectional fiber. Concrete cylinders of dimension 150mm×300mm were cast to take the compressive as well as tensile strength test and it shows that the compressive strength of concrete increases with curing age but decrease with increase in quantity of coconut fiber ,whereas its tensile strength increases. The optimum tensile strength that we get was 3.0 MPa .This research is carried out to bring awareness in field of Civil Engineering about the coconut fiber as good and hazardous less construction material.

coconut fibres; tensile strengths; concrete;

[1]. Yan, L., Jenkins, C. H., and Pendleton, R. L. (2000). "Polyolefin fiber-reinforced concrete composites. Part I. Damping and frequency characteristics." Cement and Concrete Research, 30(3), 391-401.
[2]. Zheng, L., Sharon Huo, X., and Yuan, Y. (2008). "Experimental investigation on dynamic properties of rubberized concrete." Construction and Building Materials, 22(5), 939-947
[3]. Nanayakkaza, N.H., Characterisation and determination of properties of Sri Lanka coconut, Journal of Natural Fibres, 2, (1), 2005, pp 69-81.
[4]. Baruah, P., and Talukdar, S. (2007). "A comparative study of compressive, flexural, tensile and shear strength of concrete with fibres of different origins." Indian Concrete Journal, 81(7), 17-24.