Ferrocement is found to be an ideal alternative for RCC considering the cost of construction and prefabrication has been found to be an optimum solution for speedy construction over the years. For low cost housing with speedy construction prefabricated ferrocement elements can be a better solution. This paper studies the performance of prefabricated ferrocement wall panels. Ferrocement wall panels of size 1m x 1m with 5cm and 2.5cm thickness were casted and tested in laboratory and their failure load was studied

[1]. Teresa Guevara-Perez and Svetlana Brzev, Precast Concrete Construction, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Canada
[2]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabrication?oldid=642676768
[3]. Daniel Bedoya Ruiz, Jorge Hur tado Gómez, Lluís Pujades Beneit, Hysteretic Model and Seismic Vulnerability of Ferrocement Houses, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, October 2008
[4]. Kantharaju, K.Vasudev, S Kulkarni, C.V Chandrashekar, G Rajappa, N.G Malji, "Ferrocement components for low cost housing in developing countries", 26th Conference on Our World in Concrete Structures, August 2001
[5]. Wail Nourildean Al-Rifaie, Modern Housing System using Ferrocement As Sustainable Construction Materials, 7th. Municipal Work, Conference & Exhibition, Kingdom of Bahrain, pp. 24-26, April 2012

The aim of present work was to develop the fabric which provides sufficient protection from ultraviolet rays present in the sunlight specially for those who are exposed to sunlight for long time due to their occupation. Carded Polyester/Viscose Ring yarns with Blend ratios 75/25, 60/40, and 55/45 and Polyester/Viscose/Lycra Ring yarns with blend ratio 70/25/5 having weft linear density of 37Tex were produced. Polyester/Viscose yarn with warp linear density of 20 Tex was produced from blend of 75/25. The fabric samples were woven with constant warp density of 125 ends per inch and for each blend three weft densities (55, 65, 70 picks per inch) were selected. Combining all, twelve different samples of fabric were prepared. These fabrics were first treated with pre-treatment process and then characterization of all samples were carried out. The UPF of the fabric was determined by the in vitro method using an Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyser UV-2000F. Results show excellent UPF along with good air permeability for all fabric samples and provides best protection from UVB and UVA rays and can be appropriate for workwear fabric. Statistical analysis of Mathematical model helps to study influence of thickness, weight and air permeability on UPF.

Polyester, Viscose, Lycra, Woven fabric, Sun Protective

Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch (ORPD) has a conspicuous impact on minimizing the transmission system real power loss along with the deviation of voltage at buses in the system. ORPD utilizes many parameters such as transformer tap settings, generator output voltages and the control parameters of various compensating device such as capacitor banks and synchronous condensers. Flexible AC Transmission System devices are found to be efficient in achieving the above said goal of ORPD. In this paper, mathematical modelling of many FACTS devices is done for implementing the ORPD algorithm.

FACTS, TCSC, TCPAR,UPFC,ORPD

[1]. S.M. Sadeghzadeh , A. H. Khazali , S. Zare, "Optimal reactive power Dispatch considering TCPAR and UPFC",IEEE 2009,pp-577-583.
[2]. Dommel, H. W. and Tinney, W. F., "Optimal power flow solutions", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1968, 87, pp-1866–1876.
[3]. K . Satyanarayana, B.V. K. Prasad, etal , "Optimal location of TCSC with minimum Installation Cost using PSO",IJCST,Vol.2,2011,pp -156-160.
[4]. C. A. Canizeres,M. Porse, "STATCOM Modeling for Voltage and Angle Stability Studies", Electrical Power and energy systems 2003,pp1-20.
[5]. A. S. Bawankar and V. P. Rajderkar ,"Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator to Resolve Congestion Caused Problems", IJEE, 2009, pp-11-14.

The main objective of this study is to find out experimentally the effect of air flow rate on diffusivity of Hexane. Diffusivities of vapours are most conveniently determined by the method developed by WlNKELMANN in which liquid is allowed to evaporate in a vertical glass tube over the top of which a stream of vapour-free gas is passed, at a rate such that the vapour pressure is maintained almost at zero. The experiment was conducted at different flow rates of air varying from 0 to 10 lph. The Diffusion coefficient of Hexane at different flow rates of air are calculated and compared with the proposed model developed from the Gilliland equation. The proposed model equation derived from Gilliland‟s equation is Df / D0 = k1 Q + c . The parameter "k1‟ and "c‟ remains nearly constant for the range of flowrate of air (0 – 10 lph) . The value of "k‟ and "c‟ are 0.044 and 2.251 respectively. The experimental Diffusivity value at different flowrates are compared with the proposed model and the percentage error is around 2% in the flowrate of 0 – 10 lph. The results indicates that the proposed model can be used to predict the Diffusion coefficient at different flowrates of air at 320C and 101.3 kPa.

Diffusivity, Gilliland equation, Diffusion coefficient, Hexane-air system.

[1]. Arnold, J.H., Studies in diffusion: III, Steady-state vaporization and absorption, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. 40 (1944) 361.
[2]. Whitman, W.G., The two-film theory of absorption, Chem. and Met. Eng. 29 (1923) 147.
[3]. Danckwerts, P.V., Significance of liquid film coefficients in gas absorption, Ind. Eng. Chem. 43 (1951) 1460.
[4]. Gilliland, E.R. and Sherwood, T.K., Diffusion of vapours into air streams, Ind. Eng. Chem. 26 (1934) 516.
[5]. Barnet, W.I. and Kobe, K.A., Heat and vapour transfer in a wetted-wall column, Ind. Eng. Chem. 33 (1941) 436.

Mango is a fruit which is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, belonging to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting trees in the flowering plant family Anacardiaceae. This project aims at the process development of mango seed oil production. Solvent n-Hexane was used to extract mango seed oil from the mango kernel using Soxhlet apparatus. The operating temperatures were between 40 – 700C. The percentage oil extraction by Solvent Extraction process, minimum solvent requirement for 20g of mango kernel, time required for extraction which was found to be 12%, 200 ml, 3 hours respectively. The mathematical modelling for the above said variables has been done in this research.

Mango seed oil, Mango kernel, Solvent extraction.

[1]. Teh C. Lo, M. H. I. Baird., "Solvent Extraction", Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, (2004) 341-362.
[2]. E.J. Birch., "FATS - Extraction By Solvent Based Methods",Encyclopedia of Separation Science, (2007) 2794-2801.
[3]. M.A. Jeannot,"Extraction - Liquid-Phase Microextraction",Encyclopedia of Separation Science (2007) 1-5.
[4]. E W Hammond., "Vegetable oils - Types and Properties" ,Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition, (2003) 5899-5904.
[5]. S N Vaghani., "Fruits of tropical climates - Fruits of the Sapotaceae",Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (2003) 2790-2800.

Safe driving is a major concern of societies all over the world. Thousands of people are killed or seriously injured due to drivers falling asleep at the wheels each year. Hence driver drowsiness is the major issue behind accidents. To solve this issue many techniques are used. Researchers have developed a new car safety system that anticipates what the driver is about to do a few seconds before it happens, to prevent those behind the wheel from committing mistakes. By observing the driver's body language and considering that in context of what happening on the road, a computer algorithm can determine the probability that the driver will turn or change lanes.

Image processing, Head movements, lane change rule, neural networks

[1]. K.Subhashini Spurjeon, Yogesh Bahindwar, A Dedicated System for Monitoring of Driver's Fatigue, International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, Issue 2, December 2012 Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 256
[2]. Nidhi Sharma, V. K. Banga, Drowsiness Warning System Using Artificial Intelligence, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 43 2010
[3]. Behnoosh Hariri, Shabnam Abtahi, Shervin Shirmohammadi, Luc Martel, A Yawning Measurement Method to Detect Driver Drowsiness.
[4]. Itenderpal singh, Prof. V.K.Banga ,DEVELOPMENT OF A DROWSINESS WARNING SYSTEM USING NEURAL NETWORK, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2013
[5]. http://umpir.ump.edu.my/1978/1/Ani_Syaza na_Jasni_(CD_5355_).pdf

Power quality problems like voltage sag/swell, flickers, interruptions, voltage distortions and unbalance can have drastic effects on home appliances, industries, processing plants and other applications.Although a number of conventional techniques like active filters, passive filters, hybrid filters, etc. have been developed to increase the power quality standards, these are inadequate for the increasing number of applications and have some drawbacks. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is a modern solution for the supply voltage and load current imperfections. A UPQC is an integration of both series and shunt active power filters, connected back-to-back and sharing a common DC link capacitor, which suppliesthe real power difference between load and source during transient periods. Control of this DC link capacitor voltage plays an important role in achieving desired UPQC performance. A novel hybrid fuzzy-PI controller based UPQC control scheme has been designed and the performance of UPQC for steady state and dynamic conditions have been discussed through simulation results and are compared with those using PI and fuzzy control schemes. It is shown that the performance of UPQC using hybrid fuzzy-PI controller is superior to both PI and fuzzy controllers.

unified power quality conditioner, PI control, Fuzzy control, hybrid fuzzy-PI control, SRF based control, hysteresis current control, DC voltage control

[1]. Arindam Ghosh and Gerard Ledwich, "Power quality enhancement using custom power devices". Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
[2]. C. Sankaran, "Power quality," (CRC Press, New York, 2001)
[3]. Hirofumi Akagi, "Active harmonic filters", Proceeding of the IEEE, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 2128-2141, December 2005.
[4]. J. Stones and A. Collinson, "Power quality," Power Eng. Journal, vol.15, pp.58-64, April 2001.
[5]. M. H. J. Bollen, "What is power quality?," Electric Power Systems Research, vol.66, pp.5-14, July 2003.

Attempts were made in this study to examine coagulation process for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. The studies were carried out as functions of contact time, dosage of coagulant and influent pH for coagulation process using aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3·18H2O) as coagulant. COD reduction was found to be extremely depend on effluent pH. The total COD reduction was depending on coagulation pH. In addition, optimal parameters of coagulation process were determined. When treated effluent was controlled at pH 7.0, the pollutants could be further removed by sedimentation process. The analytical parameters monitored include COD, BOD, TOC, Hardness and Total solids (TS).

Coagulants, COD, Pharmaceutical Wastewater, Treatment process.

[1]. G.G. Ying, B. Williams, R. Kookana, Environmental fate of alkylphenols and alkyl phenol ethoxylates — a review, Environment International 28 , 215–226, 2002.
[2]. I.A. Amoo, O.O. Ajayi, K.O. Ipinmoroti, O.S. Amuda, Performance optimization of coagulants/ flocculants in the treatment of effluent from soap/detergent industry, in: S.I. Ahonkhai (Ed.), Proceedings of the 27th International Conference Chemical Society of Nigeria, Mindex Press, Benin City, Nigeria, pp. 415–420, Nigeria, 2004.
[3]. Jia-Qian Jiang, Barry Lloyd, Progress in the development and use of ferrate(VI) salt as an oxidant and coagulant for water and wastewater treatment, Water Research 36, 1397–1408, 2002.
[4]. Bratby, J., Coagulants, in Coagulation and Flocculation in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 2nd ed., IWA Publishing, London, 50- 68, 2006.
[5]. Pernitsky, D. J., Edzwald, J.K., Selection of alum and Polyaluminium coagulants: principles and applications. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology – AQUA, 55(2):121-141, 2006.

This research work studies the critical success factors in ERP implementation problems during implementation phases. A multiple case study research methodology was adopted to understand how ERP systems could not be implemented successfully. An ERP life cycle framework was applied to study the ERP implementation process and the associated problems in each phase of ERP implementation. Various critical failure factors were identified and analyzed, and three common critical failure factors like poor consultant effectiveness, project management effectiveness and poor quality of business process re-engineering were examined and discussed. It is hoped that this study will help to bridge the gap and provide practical advice for both academics and practitioners.

Critical Failure Factors, ERP Implementation, ERP Life Cycle.

[1]. DAVENPORT, T. (1998) Putting the Enterprise into the Enterprise System. Harvard Business Review 76(4), pp 121-133.
[2]. PARR, A. and SHANKS G. (2000) A Model of ERP Project Implementation. Journal of Information Technology 15(2), pp 289-303.
[3]. MAJED, A., ABDULLAH, A. and MOHAMED, Z. (2003) Enterprise resource planning: A taxonomy of critical factors. European Journal of Operational Research (146), pp 352-364.
[4]. SOH, C., SIA, S. K., and TAY-YAP, J. (2000) Cultural Fits and Misfits: Is ERP a Universal Solution. Communications of the ACM 43(4), pp 47-51.
[5]. SUMNER, M. (2000) Risk Factors in Enterprise-wide/ERP Projects. Journal of Information Technology (15), pp 317-327.

Prefabrication has been found to be an optimum solution for speedy construction over the years and. Ferrocement is found to be an ideal alternative for RCC considering the cost of construction. Prefabricated Ferrocement elements can be a better solution for low cost housing with speedy construction. This paper studies the performance of prefabricated ferrocement slabs. Ferrocement slabs of size 1m x 1m with 5cm thickness were casted and tested in laboratory and their breaking load capacity was studied. The number of layers of wire mesh was varied in order to compare the test results. The slab with two layer of wire mesh was found to be better compared to slab with one layer of wire mesh.

Ferrocement, Prefabrication, Slabs, Wire-Mesh, Breaking Load Capacity

[1]. State-of-the-Art Report on Ferrocement, ACI Committee 549
[2]. Teresa Guevara-Perez and Svetlana Brzev, Precast Concrete Construction, British Columbia Institute of Technology, Canada
[3]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocement?oldid=628436732
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabrication?oldid=642676768
[5]. Kantharaju, K.Vasudev, S Kulkarni, C.V Chandrashekar, G Rajappa, N.G Malji, ―Ferrocement components for low cost housing in developing countries‖, 26th Conference on Our World in Concrete Structures, August 2001

Fluoride in ground water is a critical health issue in many parts of India and is responsible for many ailments. Jaipur being capital of Rajasthan and recently identified as one of smart cities and with many tehsils affected with high fluoride content prompted us to revisit this aspect and reevaluate the status of fluoride content. Keeping these in consideration, we attempted to identify hydro geochemical processes influencing fluoride concentration in groundwater of forty villages of Sanganer tehsil, Jaipur (Rajasthan). Sampling was done during pre-monsoon, monsoon & post-monsoon periods of year 2014. Fluoride concentrations along with other physico chemical parameters were determined. Fluoride concentration varied from 0.1 to 3.6 mg/L in the study area in variance to earlier findings indicating situation going from bad to worse and becoming a cause of concern as this area is going to become a fast developing suburb of Jaipur in future. Due to high concentration, people suffer from dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis such as mottling of teeth, deformation of ligament and ageing problems. As a result fluoride is adding aggressively to health hazards. The study also correlated fluoride concentration with other parameters in groundwater for having an insight in quality of soil as well. Our study parameters indicate that overall water quality was unsatisfactory for drinking purposes and using it without any prior treatment is harmful to life quality. High fluoride concentration in post-monsoon period was also observed. Moreover, an attempt has been made to statistically correlate the concentration of fluoride with other measured parameters and the condition affecting the groundwater quality.

Health, Fluoride, Physico-chemical parameters, Dental fluorosis, Monsoon.

[1]. B. K. Handa, "Geochemistry and Genesis of Fluoride-Containing Groundwater in India", Ground water, Vol. 13, (3), 1975.
[2]. J. D. Sharma, M. K. Sharma, P. Jain and D. Sohu, "Quality Status of Potable Water of Tehsil-Sanganer, District-Jaipur, Rajasthan", Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol.19 (2), pp 113-118, 2005.
[3]. R. K. Gangal, "Geochemical Study of Groundwater of Sanganer Area of Rajasthan (India) and Different Methods to Mitigate Fluoride Problem", Asian Journal of Water Environmental and Pollution, Vol. 4 (2), pp 93-97, 2007.
[4]. M. Kumar and Y. Singh, "Interpretation of Water Quality Parameters for Villages of Sanganer Tehsil, by Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis", Journal of Water Resources and Protection, vol. 2 (10), 2010.
[5]. G. S. Tailor and C. P. Singh Chandel, "To Assess the Quality of Groundwater in Malpura Tehsil (Tonk, Rajasthan, India), with emphasis to Fluoride Concentration", Nature and Science, vol. 8 (11), pp 20-26, 2010.

Due to rapid urbanization and growth of industries the traffic flow is increasing day by day resulting
in heavy loading on existing road network of the country. During last three decades, there is sufficient increase
in the road infrastructure resulting in increase of the total length of roads in the country. The road network in
India carries more than two third of the freight traffic. Due to repetition of wheel loads, variation in temperature
and other environmental effects most of pavements get damaged. Covering of asphalt pavement with a layer of
cement concrete is termed as White topping. On the basis of thickness of the concrete layer it can be divided
into bonded and unbonded or conventional White topping. When the thickness of the concrete layer is 200 mm
or more and not bonded to the asphalt it is called unbonded or conventional White topping. Bonded White
topping is of thickness of 50 mm to 150 mm bonded to Asphalt pavement layer and is of two types, thin and
ultrathin. The bond is made by texturing the asphalt. Thin white topping is a bonded layer of concrete of
thickness 100 mm to 150 mm while an ultrathin layer is 50 mm to100 mm thick. The use of ultrathin white
topping (UTW) is preferred for deteriorated asphalt pavements with fatigue and rut distress. The actual
thickness of ultrathin white topping is reliant on traffic loading, existing asphalt pavement thickness and grading
of concrete.

Conventional White topping, bonded White topping, asphalt pavement, ultrathin white topping (UTW), concrete grade, milling, texture.

[1]. Concrete Overlays – White topping of roads, Cement Manufacturers Association, 2010

[2]. Tentative guidelines for conventional, thin and Ultra-thin white topping, IRC: SP: 76 – 2008, The Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, 2008

[3]. Handbook on Cement Concrete Roads, Cement Manufacturers Association, 2010

[4]. Michael E. Ayers & Dale Harrington, Selection and use of concrete overlays, The Indian Concrete Journal, May 2010

[5]. Guide to Concrete Overlays – Sustainable solutions for resurfacing and rehabilitating existing pavements, National Concrete Pavement Technology Centre, USA, Sept. 2008.

This study will be a package of technologies that can be implemented for various production capacities household waste. Long-term goal of this research improve national energy security in the solid fuel sector and specific targets are achieved at the end of this study: 1) produce an alternative solid fuels (of garbage) that can be used as a substitute fuel wood or other fuels, including for the purposes of household waste, 2) designing the prototype hidroulic press garbage, 3) measuring the calorific value of solid fuel quality produced, as well as pay attention to the quality of fuel briquettes produced. The method is performed on household garbage, garbage first settling for 1,3, 7, 12, 15 and 20 days in order to experience composting. Then pressed to remove fluid garbage.Briquetteanalyzed the water content then do briquetting and heating value. From time 1 day heating value in the range 1956.832 to 3257,24cal /g, while the water content at the biginning ranging 53-65%. For briquettes are produced on average 1.631% moisture content. The calorific value of the initial litter increased after briquetting.

household waste, compacted, pellet, heating value, moisture content.

[1]. Al-Salem,S.M., Lettieri,P.Baeyens,J.:Recycling and Recovery Routes of Plastic Solid Waste (PSW): A review.Waste Management,29,2009,2625-2643
[2]. Kers, J., Križan, P.,Letko,M.:Mechanical Recycling of Compounded Plastic Waste for Material Valorization by Briquetting; In:Baltic polymer symposium. 2009.
[3]. Williams,P.T.,"WasteTreatment and Disposal", Chichester, UK:John Wiley & Son, 2005, 375 pp.
[4]. Sugumaran, P., Seshadri, S.," Biomass Charcoal Broquetting" Technology For Alternative Energy Based Income Generation In Rural Area, 2010.
[5]. Ward, N.I. "Environmental Analytical Chemistry‟, in Fifield, F.W. and Haines, P.J. (Eds.): Trace Elements, pp.320–328, Blackie Academic and Professional, UK.1995.

Quenching is one of the most important operation in the melt spinning process of thermoplastic polymers. It helps to develop structural changes in the fibres and thus mechanical properties of the yarn. Quench air parameters are designed depending on the titre plan of the spinners. Main fan size, quench duct design, duct pressure, quench screens sizes and quench air velocity is given by machines suppliers. But all the detailed calculation of quench air quantity are too be carried out at plant level and quench air parameters are to be adjusted as per denier of the single filament.

Quench air, Heat transfer co-efficient, Cooling length, Viscoelastic ,Temperature, Polyester

[1]. Made—made fibres year book 1987,published by Chem.Text,F. Fourne Alfter,p.64
[2]. J. A. Brydson. , Properties of polymer melts, Butterworth & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. England.
[3]. Green, H., industrial Rehology & Rheological Structures, Wiley, New York (1949).
[4]. Ferray, J.D. , Viscoelastic properties of polymer, Wiley, New York (1961).
[5]. Fundamentals of melt spinning by Ziabicki,1976.

This paper examined the extensive influence of seven selected theories in Architecture namely Vastu Shastra, Feng Shui, some Vitruvian principles, Essay on Architecture (Laugier), four elements of architecture (Semper), five points towards a new Architecture (Le Corbusier) and Green Architecture. It focuses first on its historical foundations, development of these concepts and its mode of application. The study also considered the significance of these theories in recent times and identified a comparative pattern language among the concepts. The methodology involved extensive literature review on the principles. The results revealed that Green Architecture is the longest surviving, design and building concept. Again, the study demonstrated that these principles regardless of their origin emphasize sustainability and the ability to imitate and apply the laws of nature in design and building. This implies that from the conception stage of design, the designer must consider the complexities and beauties of the site resulting in enhanced harmony between man, buildings and the natural environment.

Pattern Language, Environment, Natural, Design, Harmony, Sustainability

[1]. Attmann, O., (2010). Green Architecture: Advanced Technologies and Materials. Brief History of Green Architecture, McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN: 0071625011, 9780071625012.
[2]. Baweja, V., (2008). A Pre-history of Green Architecture: Otto Koenigsberger and Tropical Architecture from Princely Mysore to Post-colonial London, PhD Thesis, University of Michigan.
[3]. Bech-Danielsen, C., (2001). Vitruvian Perspectives on Architectural Quality. Available at: (vbn.aau.dk/files/75461458/Paper_Claus_Bech_Danielsen.docx) Accessed: 10/12/14.
[4]. Bergdoll, B., (2000) European Architecture. 1750-1890 .Oxford University Press, 2000.ISBN:0192842226, 9780192842220.
[5]. Borenstein. M, Hedges L.V, Higgins J.P.T, Rothstein H.R (2009). Introduction to Meta-Analysis. Available at: (http:// www.scribd.com). ISBN: 978-0-470-050724-7.

A new multiple power-off modes power gating method was presented which can decrease the leakage power through short periods of inactivity. But, this method effects from high compassion to process variation, which impede manufacturability. Hence a new power-gating method is tolerant to method variation as well as scalable to further two intermediate power-off modes is needed. We propose body biasing technique used multimode power switches to decrease the static power and robust to process variations. The proposed devise require a smaller amount of design attempt and offer larger power reduction and lesser area cost than the previous method. Then we comparatively the result analysis the existing and proposed methods is simulated results of power values are also mentioned as shown in table. The proposed method also explains the advantage of simplicity and design effort. Then the proposed method is robust to process of variations and operates in two or more power off modes.

Multi-mode VTCMOS switches, Leakage power, Power Consumption reduction, Reconfigurable power-gating structure.

[1]. Semiconductor Industry Association. (2007) [Online]. Available: http://www.itrs.net/Links/2007ITRS/Home2007.htm
[2]. D. Lackey, P. Zuchowski, T. Bednar, D. Stout, S. Gould, and J. Cohn, ―Managing power and performance for system-on-chip designs using voltage islands,‖ in Proc. IEEE/ACM Int. Conf. Comput. Aided Design, Nov. 2002, pp. 195–202.
[3]. R. Puri, D. Kung, and L. Stok, ―Minimizing power with flexible voltage islands,‖ in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., May 2005, pp. 21–24.
[4]. R. Puri, L. Stok, J. Cohn, D. Kung, D. Pan, D. Sylvester, A. Srivastava, and S. Kulkarni, ―Pushing ASIC performance in a power envelope,‖ in Proc. Design Autom. Conf., Jun. 2003, pp. 788–793.
[5]. K. Roy, S. Mukhopadhyay, and H. Mahmoodi-Meimand, ―Leakage current mechanisms and leakage reduction techniques in deepsubmicrometer CMOS circuits,‖ Proc. IEEE, vol. 91, no. 2, pp. 305–327, Feb. 2003.

Power quality has turned into an imperative element today because of wide use of power electronics based equipment. Traditional equipment for upgrade of power quality is getting to be lacking. Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is one modern device which manages voltage and current defects all the while. This paper displays the Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) with completely fuzzy logic controller for enhancing the dynamic execution of UPQC. The UPQC is a custom power device which is integrated by series and shunt active power filters (APF) sharing a typical dc bus capacitor. Fuzzy control has developed as a standout amongst the most dynamic and productive regions for examination in the utilizations of fuzzy set hypothesis, particularly in the domain of industrial procedure, which don't lend of quantities data information in regards to the data yield relations. In this a simplified intelligent control system for a dual three-phase topology of a unified power quality conditioner i-UPQC is Different from an ordinary UPQC, the i-UPQC has the series filter controlled as a sinusoidal current source and the shunt filter controlled as a sinusoidal voltage source. In this way, the pulse width modulation (PWM) controls of the i-UPQC manage a surely understood frequency spectrum, since it is controlled utilizing voltage and current sinusoidal references, not the same as the conventional UPQC that is controlled utilizing non sinusoidal references. The dynamic examination of proposed plan is assessed by utilizing Matlab/Simulink platform and results are displayed.

Active filters, control design, Fuzzy Controller, power line conditioning, unified power quality conditioner (UPQC).

[1]. M. Aredes, K. Heumann, and E. Watanabe, "An universal active power line conditioner," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 545–551, Apr. 1998.
[2]. H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "The unified power quality conditioner: The integration of series and shunt-active filters,"IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315–322, Mar. 1998.
[3]. B. Han, B. Bae, S. Baek, and G. Jang, "New configuration of UPQC for medium-voltage application,"IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 1438–1444, Jul. 2006.
[4]. S. Chakraborty, M. Weiss, and M. Simoes, "Distributed intelligent energy management system for a single-phase high-frequency ac microgrid," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 97–109, Feb. 2007.
[5]. M. Forghani and S. Afsharnia, "Online wavelet transform-based control strategy for UPQC control system," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 481–491, Jan. 2007.

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are used to control power flow in the transmission lines. This paper describes the concept of power flow control in transmission line by Distributed FACTS (D-FACTS), called Distributed Interline Power Flow Controller (DIPFC). The DIPFC is taken from the Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The DIPFC can be considered as to be eliminated common dc link UPFC. Same as UPFC, DIPFC also having series and shunt converters. DIPFC having multiple small sizes single phase three series converters and single three phase shunt converter. The three single phase series converters are located to connecting the two transmission lines to moderate the voltage sag and swell as to improve the power quality problems. In DIPFC the operation of both the converters are independent. The active power substitute between the shunt and series converters, which is throughout the universal dc link in the UPFC, now the active power throughout the transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. Modelling and principle of operation is presented in this paper. Distributed Interline Power Flow Controller (DIPFC) is located connecting the two parallel transmission lines of infinite bus. The case studies are simulated in MATLAB/ Simulink and the results validate the DIPFC has ability to improve the power quality.

FACTS, Power Quality, Sag and Swell improvement, Distributed Power Flow Controller (DPFC), Distributed Interline Power Flow Controller (DIPFC)

[1]. Ahmad Jamshidi,a, S. Masoud Barakati,b, and Mohammad Moradi Ghahderijani, Power Quality Improvement and Mitigation Case Study Using Distributed Power Flow Controller, 978-1-4673-0158-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
[2]. S. Masoud Barakati, Arash Khoshkbar Sadigh and Ehsan Mokhtarpour, "Voltage Sag and Swell Compensation with DVR Based on Asymmetrical Cascade Multicell Converter", North American Power Symposium (NAPS), pp.1 – 7, 2011
[3]. Alexander Eigels Emanuel, John A. McNeill "Electric Power Quality". Annu. Rev. Energy Environ 1997, pp. 263-303.
[4]. I Nita R. Patne, Krishna L. Thakre "Factor Affecting Characteristics of Voltage Sag Due to Fault in the Power System" Serbian Journal of Electrical engineering. vol. 5, no.1, May2008, pp. 171-182.
[5]. J. R. Enslin, "Unified approach to power quality mitigation," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Industrial Electronics (ISIE '98), vol. 1, 1998, pp. 8– 20.

In various industrial applications have begin to required higher power apparatus in recent years. Some of the medium voltage motor drives, utility applications requires medium voltage and megawatt power level. For a medium voltage grid, it is worrying to connect one power semiconductor switch in direct. As result, a multilevel converters structure has been introduced as alternative in high power and medium voltage applications. Multilevel converters achieves high power ratings, it enables use of renewable energy sources(RES). Renewable energy sources such as PV system, wind and fuel cells are easily interfaced to multilevel converters for high power applications. The use of PV system is increasing day by day in agriculture and industrial applications, due to their ease of control and flexibility. Multilevel inverters are having attractive features, MLI required least number of components among all other devices of Inverters to achieve same number of voltage levels, there is no EMI problem. The function of multilevel inverters is to get desired voltage from the several DC sources. In this paper mainly focused on reducing number of switches and sources. PV source used as input to the Three phase 25-level inverter and output of inverter connected to Induction motor to find performance characteristics. The simulation results are presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

PV System, H-Bridge Inverter, Multilevel Converter, Symmetrical inverters, Asymmetrical inverters, Induction motor

[1]. J. Rodriguez, J.S.Lai, and F.Z. Peng, "Multilevel inverters: A Survey of Topologies Controls and Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, pp. 724 - 738, 2002.
[2]. J.S.Lai and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel converters - A New Breed of Power Converters," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 32, pp. 509-517, 1996.
[3]. K.N.V Prasad, G.Ranjith Kumar, T. Vamsee Kiran, G.Satyanarayana., "Comparison of different topologies of cascaded H-Bridge multilevel inverter," Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), 2013 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,6, 4-6 Jan. 2013
[4]. F.Z.Peng, "A generalized multilevel inverter topology with self voltage balancing," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 37, pp. 611-618, 2000.
[5]. F. Z.Peng and J. S. Lai, "Multilevel Cascade Voltage -source Inverter with Separate DC source," U.S. Patent 5 642 275, June 24, 1997.

In this paper hybrid AC/DC micro grid comprises of DC and AC sub grids interconnected by power electronic interfaces. But existing micro grids are purely AC or DC grids. The major purpose is to manage the power flow among all sources distributed throughout the different types of sub grids. The hybrid grid reduces the process of multiple DC-AC-DC or AC-DC-DC conversions in an individual grid where the number of converter stations for converting AC to DC or DC to AC power are reduced. These power generating stations interconnected to form a micro grid system needed number of multiple reverse conversations (AC-DC or DC-AC) for consumer applications this results increase circuit complexity, cost and system have less reliability. The proposed grid can operate in both standalone and grid connected mode. Fuzzy controller is used for smooth power transfer.

Hybrid micro grid, Proportional integral controller, Standalone,Grid connected mode.

[1]. N. Eghtedarpour and E. Farjah, Distributed charge/discharge control of energy storages in a renewable energy-based DC micro grid, IET Renew. Power Gen., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 45–57, Jan. 2014.
[2]. A. Karabiber, C. Keles, A. Kaygusuz, and B. B. Alagoz, ―An approach for the integration of renewable distributed generation in hybrid DC/AC micro grids,‖ J. Renewable Energy, vol. 52, pp. 251–259, Apr. 2013.
[3]. P.C. Loh,D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Hybrid AC-DC micro grids with energy storages and progressive energy flow tuning,‖ IEEETran. Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1533–1543, Apr. 2013.
[4]. P. C. Loh, D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and F. Blaabjerg, ―Autonomous control of interlinking converter with energy storage in hybrid AC-DC micro grid,‖ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1374–1382,May/Jun. 2013.
[5]. P.C.Loh,D. Li, Y. K. Chai, and F.Blaabjerg, ―Autonomous operation of hybrid micro grid with AC and DC subgrids,‖ IEEE Trans. PowerElectron, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 2214–2223, May 2013.

This study presents an experimental investigation on self compacting concrete (SCC) with various partial replacements of fly ash, silica fume and combination of both fly ash and silica fume. Also the study made with fully replacement of natural sand by quarry dust. After various replacements, cube and cylinder specimens are cast and cured. The specimens are cured in water for 3, 7 & 28 days. The slump, V-funnel and L-Box test are carried out on the fresh SCC and in harden concrete compressive strength and split tensile strength values are determined. Attempts have been made to study the properties of such SCCs and to investigate the suitability of various replacements of fly ash, silica fume and quarry dust to be used in SCC.

..

[1]. EFNARC (2002) "Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. European Federation of Producers and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures‟.
[2]. Guru Jawahar, J., Sashidhar, C., Ramana Reddy, I.V and Annie Peter, J., (2012) "A Simple Tool for Self Compacting Concrete Mix Design‟, International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology.
[3]. Heba, A., Mohamed,(2011)"Effect of Fly ash and silica fume on compressive strength of self-compacting concrete under different curing conditions‟, Ain shams Engineering Journal, pp.79-86.
[4]. IS: 383-1970, Specifications for Coarse and Fine aggregates from Natural sources for Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
[5]. IS: 456- 2000, "Plain and reinforced concrete code for practice", Bureau of Indian Standards New Delhi, India.

With the swift increase of digital data exchange and increased usage of digital images, it is important to protect the confidential image data from illegitimate access. Digital image scrambling or encryption is the solution which transforms a meaningful image into a meaningless or disordered image in order to enhance the ability to tackle attack and in turn improve the security. However inherent features of image data such as bulky nature, high redundancy and high correlation among pixels demand the need to treat an image in a different way from text data regarding confidentiality. In this paper a novel scheme is proposed to simultaneously encrypt multiple images in an image database or image folder. Images are stacked and are viewed as a 3D block of images. Permutation of image pixels/blocks across the images is done using 3D chaotic permutation and pixel substitution using three-way grid based noise induction. 2D grid structure projected on each dimension of the 3D block of images defines the scrambling nature of pixels resulting in varied distortion of information. The proposed novel model of perceiving multiple images as 3D block of images and simultaneous scrambling provides an additional level of complexity for unauthorized access. The proposed scheme is more apt for secured storage of images. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can effectively and simultaneously scramble the images, and the security analysis of the algorithm also reveals that the proposed scheme can survive various attacks.

Image Encryption, Scrambling, Image Entropy, Image correlation, Image histogram, chaotic map.

[1]. Yuan-Hui Yu, Chin-Chen Chang and Iuon-Chang Lin, A new steganographic method for color and grayscale image hiding, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Volume 107, Issue 3, September 2007.
[2]. Furht B., D Kirovsk, Multimedia Security Handbook, 2005.
[3]. Shiguo Lian, Multimedia Content Encryption: Techniques and Applications, CRC Press, 2009.
[4]. I. Ozturk, I. Sogukpinar, "Analysis and comparison of image encryption algorithm," Journal of transactions on engineering, computing and technology December, vol. 3, 2004, pp. 38.
[5]. Qiudong Sun; Wenying Yan; Jiangwei Huang; Wenxin Ma, "Image encryption based on bit-plane decomposition and random scrambling", 2nd International Conference on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Networks, 2012, pp. 2630 – 2633.

An attempt was made to replace cement by using mineral admixture Fly ash. As per Indian Government norms at-least 10% of fly ash should be used during cement production. The objective of this research work was to study the mechanical and durability properties of concrete by replacing maximum amount of cement by fly ash. M30 grade of concrete was used with w/c ration of 0.45. The results indicate that upto 35% of fly ash can be replaced for cement for effective compressive strength and flexural strength confirming to IS Standards. Also an attempt was made on the durability of concrete using fly ash as replacement material. 35% fly ash replacement showed better performance confirming to ASTM C1202. The sorptivity test also showed gradual increases in absorption when compared to control mix concrete.

Mineral admixture, Fly ash, Durability, Compressive strength, Flexural strength.

[1]. Bilodeau, A., Malhotra, V., "High-Volume Fly Ash System: Concrete Solution for Sustainable Development." ACI Materials Journal. Vol. 97, No. 1, Jan-Feb. 2000.
[2]. Bilodeau, A. and Malhotra, V.M., "Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of ASTM Class Fly Ash: Mechanical Properties and Resistance to Deicing Salt Scaling and to Chloride-IonPenetration", ACI-SP 132, Vol. 1, 1992, pp. 319-349 (Ed.: V.M. Malhotra)
[3]. Bouzoubaa, N. and Malhotra, V.M., "Production and Performance of Laboratory Produced High Volume Fly Ash Blended Cements in Concrete", Concrete International, Vol. 23, No. 4, April 2001, pp. 29-33.
[4]. Cross, D., Stephens, J. and Vollmer, J., "Field Trials of 100% Fly Ash Concrete," Concrete International, September, 2005, pages 47 to 51.

[5]. Haque, M., Langan, B., Ward, M, "High Fly Ash Concretes." ACI Materials Journal. Jan-Feb 1984, pp. 54-60.

During a concrete placement on the second story of a building under construction, the supporting cold-formed steel beams collapsed. Four workers were injured. The collapse occurred while concrete was being placed the steel decking. Analysis of the steel beams under the weight of concrete and workers using the applicable American Concrete Institute and American Iron and Steel Institute documents indicated that the beams were overstressed for construction loads. After the collapse, part of the structure was rebuilt using thicker beams.

Futuristic, insulation, increase inefficiency, energy efficient appliances

..

The object of this study is to delineate groundwater potential area of western part Kota, Rajasthan using remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). Geo reference map along with other Analytical data sets have been used to extract information on groundwater storing controlling and quality features. Physico chemical parameters that influence groundwater quality were analyzed and integrated. GIS modeling technique of Interpolation and Contour formation was used to produce groundwater potential map. Finally, in produced maps darken area of map represent area having higher concentration of TDS, TH and Electrical conductivity as compared to the other parameters. So, groundwater of study area should only be used after prior treatment for domestic as well as other purposes.

Groundwater, Remote sensing, Geographical information systems (GIS), Quality mapping.

[1]. Collet, C., Consuegra, D. and Joerin, F. "GIS Needs and GIS Software", Kluwer Academic Publishers. Pp.115-142, 1996.
[2]. Balachander D., et.al., "An Investigation of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability to Irrigated Agriculture in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India – A GIS Approach" International Journal of Environmental Sciences, Volume 1, No 2 ,176-190, 2010.
[3]. M. Venkateshwarlu, et.al., "Assessment of Ground Water Quality in and Around Miryalaguda Area, Nalgonda District of Andhra Pradesh", International journal of plant animal and science, Vol. 4,issue 2, 259-266, April-June 2014.
[4]. Rizwan Ullah, et.al, "Assessment of groundwater contamination in an industrial city, Sialkot, Pakistan" African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 3 (12), pp. 429-446, December, 2009.
[5]. Nupur Jain, Rakesh Duggal et.al.,"Evaluating Geochemistry by Multivariate Analysis of Groundwater in DCM Industrial Area Kota, Rajasthan (India)" Chem Sci Rev Lett, 4(14), 447-458,2015.

Abrasive water jet machining is important unconventional machining now a day. Water jet along with abrasive particles is used to cut materials at faster rate. The various materials which can be easily cut using abrasive water jet machining are inconel, brass, composites such as epoxy, glass fiber, granite, marbles etc. The advantage of Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) is that it can cut virtually any material. Further, it does not superheat the area adjacent to cut. The faster machining is possible. In the present work, the top kerf width of material through abrasive water jet machining has been minimized. The design variables are jet operating pressure, feed rate, stand-off distance and concentration of abrasive on kerf width produced on composite material graphite filled glass fiber reinforced epoxy. The experimental data has been taken from research work and under the practical limits of design variable are selected as realistic bounds. The minimization of kerf width has been obtained using mathematical optimization technique called Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP). The program has been made in MATLAB. The kerf width has been minimized using above optimization method.

Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) machining, Graphite Filled Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy, MATLAB, Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP), Top Kerf Width (TKW)

[1]. Shivamurthy, B.; K. Udaya Bhat, and S. Anandhan, "Mechanical and sliding wear properties of multi-layered laminates from glass fabric/graphite/epoxy composites," Materials and Design, vol. 44, pp. 136–143, 2013.
[2]. Teti R., "Machining of composite materials," CIRP Annals— Manufacturing Technology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 611–634, 2002.
[3]. Srinivasu, D. S.; D. A. Axinte, P. H. Shipway, and J. Folkes, "Influence of kinematic operating parameters on kerf geometry in abrasive waterjet machining of silicon carbide ceramics," International Journal ofMachine Tools andManufacture, vol. 49, no. 14, pp. 1077–1088, 2009.
[4]. Huttunen-Saarivirta, E.; F. H. Stott, V. Rohr, and M. Sch¨utze, "Particle angularity effects on the elevated-temperature erosion-oxidation behaviour of aluminium diffusion coatings on 9% Cr steel," Wear vol. 261, no. 7- 8, pp. 746–759, 2006.
[5]. Khan, A. A. and M. M. Haque, "Performance of different abrasive materials during abrasive water jet machining of glass," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 191, no. 1–3, pp. 404–407, 2007.

An existing wastewater treatment unit treating ceramic industry wastewater by plain sedimentation (PS) was modified to a dissolved air floatation (DAF) system preceded by chemical feed for effluent reuse. Preliminary bench scale tests were conducted to select a suitable coagulant and to determine the optimum dose; Aluminium sulphate, Ferric chloride and Magnafloc 351 were tested and all gave good removal efficiencies. The later coagulant was selected for large scale field application with a dose of 400 mg/l as it yielded removal efficiencies exceeding 98%. The modified DAF system demonstrated higher removal efficiencies for all the parameters monitored compared with the original PS system. With regards turbidity the DAF gave 98.19% compared with 88.40% for the PS system. As for TSS the modified system improved the removal efficiency by about 34.87% with influent values of 269.17 mg/l compared with the original system with 3177.22 mg/l. TDS removal was negligible in both systems although the DAF system gave higher removal efficiency. COD removal efficiency was increased from 43.49% to 69.89% by the modified system while the pH values were almost similar in both cases.

ceramic industry wastewater, total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, coagulation, plain sedimentation, dissolved air floatation.

[1]. R. Moliner-Salvador, A. Deratani, J. Palmeri, E. Sánchez, Use of nanofiltration membrane technology for ceramic industry wastewater treatment. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. Vol 51, 2, 103-110. doi: 10.3989/cyv.152012, 2012.
[2]. A. Bhatnagar, Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of paper industry effluents. RASAYAN J. Chem. Vol. 8, No.1,143-145, 2015.
[3]. M. K. Ghose, Complete physico-chemical treatment for coke plant effluents. Water Research. Vol. 36, 1127–1134, 2002.
[4]. S. Soniya, ( Assessment of physicochemical properties of solid waste - Opium Marc. Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Vol. 3, 7, 79-80, 2014.
[5]. A. K. Prajapati & P. K. Chaudhari, Physicochemical treatment of distillery wastewater-A review. Chemical Engineering Communications. Vol. 202, 8, 1098-1117. DOI:10.1080/00986445.2014.1002560, 2015.

Humans did not think of Climate Change in the past. It was all natural Greenhouse Effect maintaining the temperature of the Earth. The increase in world population and rapid industrialization by emitting anthropogenic gases by humans cause an enhanced Greenhouse Effect which results in global warming and Climate Change. Some researchers in this field who support the theory of global warming bring out their findings some of which are really nightmarish and alarming for the readers. There is another school of thought opposing and not accepting the global warming theory. They go by saying that there is actually global cooling and not warming. This creates a turmoil between the two schools of thought and the readers. The tussle between the skeptics and prophets of global warming is considered by actually going through the research work of few of them in both the category. The author is in support of the views expressed by both the groups and maintains a status quo.

Greenhouse effect, Global warming, Global cooling, Anthropogenic emissions, Climate Change

[1]. 𝑪labby Catherine – "Watching Earth Change", American Scientist, March-April 2014, pp. 98-101
[2]. Cook John et.al, Pub. In the Environmental Research Letters (2013) Vol.8 No.2, dt.May15,2013.pp.1−7
[3]. Easterbrook Don JDept. of Geology, Western Washington University – "The Looming Threat of Global Cooling" , May 7, 2010 and "Evidence for Predicting Global Cooling For the Next Three Decades"- June 28, 2014. Both Pub.by Global Research
[4]. 𝐅awcett Robert and David Jones, National Climate Center, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia – "Waiting for Global Cooling", April 17, 2008.
[5]. 𝐊𝐞𝐥𝐯𝐢𝐧 (𝐒𝐢𝐫 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐦 𝐓𝐡𝐨𝐦𝐬𝐨𝐧,𝐁𝐚𝐫𝐨𝐧),(1824-1907) "Principles ofMechanics and Dynamics, Vol. II by Sir William Thomson and Peter Guthrie Tait, Ed. 1912. Pp.469.

Oxygen free radicals usually induces tissue damage due to peroxidation to biomembranes and also damage the DNA,thus cause occurance of number of diseases.The naturally occurring antioxidants are more beneficial and therapeutical value and neutralize the effect of free radicals through different ways and may prevent the body from various diseases.Thus the present investigations was undertaken to appraise properties of antioxidant activity by invitro method.The total antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract,chloroform extract,ethylacetate extract and isolated fractions of Bauhinia purpurea(BP) was estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The DPPH scavenging potential of ethanolic extract of stem bark of BP ranged from 60.80% to 63.43%.The isolated fractions of stem bark of bp fraction showned percentage of scavenging ranged from 60.80% to 63.78%.Those antioxidant activities were compared to standard's like ascorbic acid, when Bauhinia purpurea crude extracts and fraction showed potent invitro antioxidant activity and result revealed that Bauhinia purpurea is a potential source of natural antioxidant. Further isolation and characterization of a bioactive molecule has to be carried out and find out its clinical significance.

Bauhinia purpurea, Flavonoids, Soxhlet extraction, Column chromatography, DPPH, Antioxidant activity.

1]. T.Kumar and K.S.Chandrashekar, Bauhinia purpurea linn:A review of ethnobotany, phytochemical and Pharmacological profile. Research journal of medicinal plant, 5: 2011,420-431.
[2]. Asolker L.V, K.K Kakkar and O.J.Chakre, second supplement to glossary of Indian medicinal plants, part I (A- K); National Institute of Science communication, New Delhi, 2000.
[3]. Kirtikar.K.R and D.B Basu, Indian medicinal plants; Oriental enterprises, Dehradun, 2001.
[4]. Yu Cy, Ghimire BK, Chung IM(2011). A comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of some medical plants popularly used in Nepal. J.Med.Plants Res.,5(10):1884-1891.
[5]. Yu-Ling,HO., Shyh-Shyun,HUANG.,Jeng-shyan,Deng,Yaw-huei,LIN.,Yuan-shiun,Chang and Guan-, Huang (2012). Invitro antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of Wetland medicinal plants, Taiwan Botanical Studies, 53:55-66.

Various thermal power plants have implemented the techniques/ approaches available for energy management to improve energy efficiency of equipments in the thermal power plant. There are critical energy management factors which are suitable to improve the performance indicators are considered in this research paper. This paper focuses on energy management practices followed in thermal power plant to identify the areas for improvement of energy efficiency of the plant. With implementation of periodic energy audits, energy conservation measures, process optimization and diagnostic studies, energy consumption can be reduced substantially in the plant for cost competitiveness and increase in profitability.

Energy management factors, Performance indicators and Energy audit

[1]. A G Vinchurkar, Dr. R R Lakhe, Dr. R L Shrivastava, (2014) "Energy management and optimizing energy in Thermal power station" International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD), Vol-1, issue -7, July 2014, page1-10.
[2]. Aditya Sindhu, Aashish Bhaskar, Arbind Singh, (2014) " An analysis of different methods for major energy saving in thermal power plant" International Journal of advance research in electrical, electronics and instrumentation engineering, Sept 2014, Vol-1, issue- 9.
[3]. Adate Namdeo D. and Awale R. N.(2001) Energy conservation through energy efficient technologies at thermal power plant, International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT) 2231 – 4407, Volume-2, Issue-3,4
[4]. A G Vinchurkar, Dr. R R Lakhe, Dr. R L Shrivastava, (2014) "Energy Performance improvement of coal fired Thermal power plant- Case study Approach" International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development (IJAERD), Vol-1, issue -11, November 2014, page 237-250 ISSN online 2348-4470.

[5]. Bhardwaj Vikrant and Garg Rohit , Chahal Mandeep , Baljeet Singh, (2012) Energy Audit of 250 MW Thermal Power Stations PTPS, Panipat, Proceedings of the National Conference on Trends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana.

The fast advancement of industrial applications presents additional difficulties for conventional sensors that just provide unprocessed signals. Due to the benefits, they may provide to the system, smart sensors and smart sensor networks are becoming more and more popular in industrial settings. Sensor data will eventually be employed for control purposes, one way or another. Smart sensors and smart sensor networks will give a certain amount of information and knowledge in addition to raw signals and data, which may greatly increase the overall performance and decrease dependability of the control system. A short overview of smart sensors, smart sensor networks, and their advancements is provided in this study. A few noted problems are also emphasized. The authors think that to overcome such challenges and advance the development of smart sensors and smart sensor networks, researchers and developers from academic and industrial communities should and should collaborate by drawing people's attention to these concerns.

Smart Sensor, Smart Sensor Network, Inference, Fieldbus, Standard.

[1]. Amos, Kenna. "Sensor Market Goes Global," Intech -The international Journal for Measurement and Control, pp 40-43, June 1999
[2]. Thurston Brook, Steven Chen and Kang Lee. IEEE14SI smart wireless machinery monitoring and control for naval vessels. Thineenth international Ship Control System Symposium in Orlando, Florida. 2003
[3]. Randy Frank. Undentanding Sman sensors (second edition). Anech House, Boston. London. 2000
[4]. Roger Allan, Industry-Aligning Standards Boos1 Sensor Networking, Electronic Design, ED Online ID#3041, March 3,2003
[5]. 1EEE1451 committee. IEEE Standard 1451.2-1997, Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators ~ Transducer to Microprocessor Communicarion Protocols and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS)", Institute af Electrical and Electronics Engineen, Inc., Piscaraway, New Jeney 08855, September 26,1997