The Optimal Power Flow (OPF) plays an important role in power system operation and control due to depleting energy resources, and increasing power generation cost and ever growing demand for electrical energy. Here FACTS devices are effectively used for power flow control, voltage regulation, improvement of power system stability, minimization of losses. The FACTS devices that we use are SVC and UPFC. For power flow studies, the modeling of FACTS devices is discussed. The SVC is good at voltage regulation and UPFC is good at balancing the reactive power in the system. In this paper, PSO based approach is presented to solve the Optimal Power Flow to satisfy objectives such as minimizing generation cost and transmission line loss. The proposed PSO algorithm is tested on IEEE 30 bus system.

[1]. H. Ambriz-Perez, E. Acha, and C. R. Fuerte-Esquivel, "Advanced SVC models for Newton-Raphson load flow and Newton optimal power flow studies," Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 15, pp. 129-136, 2000.
[2]. N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[3]. N. Aouzellag LAHAÇANI, B. MENDIL, "Modelling and Simulation of the SVC for Power System Flow Studies: Electrical Network in voltage drop" , Leonardo Journal of Sciences,issue 13, pp. 153-170, July-December 2008
[4]. G. T. Heydt , Douglas J. Gotham: "Power flow control and power flow studies for systems FACTS devices", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 13, No. 1, February 1998.
[5]. L. Gyugyi, C. D. Schauder, S. L. Williams, T. R. Rietman, D. R. Torgerson, and A. Edris, "The unified power flow controller: A new approach to power transmission control," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1085–1097, Apr. 1995.

An investigation on evaluation of cool season vegetables such as cabbage and cauliflower with respect to vegetative and yield parameters was carried out under naturally ventilated poly house and in open field condition at Farming Systems Research Station, Sadanandapuram, Kottarakkara, Kerala, India. Highest yield was recorded in poly house structures than in open field for cabbage and cauliflower. The increase in yield was to the tune of 99.32% and 163.58% for cabbage and cauliflower respectively and shelf life better in poly house. Height of cabbage plant is higher in poly house structure than in open field. However, number of leaves per plant was same in poly house structure and in open field condition. Higher height of plant and more number of leaves are observed in poly house structure than in open field for cauliflower. No pest and diseases incidence was observed in poly house structures for cabbage and cauliflower. However, grass hopper, cater pillar and snail affect these plants in open field. It was found that micro climatic parameters were varied between poly houses and outside. Photosynthetically active radiation inside the poly house was reduced by about 50% compared to the outside (i.e. open field) while air and soil temperatures were always remained higher. The relative humidity was less in poly house structure compared to outside the structure (5-8% increase in outside). Soil under poly house always maintained a 2-3ºC higher temperature as compared to the temperature at the outside soil at all growth stages of crop. Cultivation of cabbage in a poly house was found to be highly feasible as reflected in higher values of BCR (2.67) followed by cauliflower with B: C ratio 1.51.

cabbage; cauliflower; poly house structure; yield; micro climatic parameters; B: C ratio

This article evaluates the potential for water saving by using rainwater in Shilpa Hostel a residential building at JNTUA College of Engineering in Ananthapuramu town located in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The building houses on an average 211 girl students every year. The roof top of the hostel is the catchment area. Using average rainfall data, calculations for rainwater endowment and water harvesting potential were made. Volume of water that can be collected in one year was calculated. Suitable hydrocyclone for removing suspended particles and reducing turbidity has been proposed. The project cost was calculated making use of prices prevailing currently in India. Annual monetary savings were calculated based on the volume of water collected by rain water harvesting and payback period was arrived at.

water conservation; rainwater harvesting potential; rainwater endowment, run-off coefficient; hydrocyclone.

[1]. Catch water where it falls. Toolkit on urban rainwater harvesting. Published by Center for Science and Environment, New Delhi, 2013.
[2]. Mohammed, Thamer Ahmed, Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor, and Abdul Halim Ghazali. "Study on potential uses of rain water harvesting in urban areas." Proceedings of the colloquium on rainwater utilisation, Putrajaya, Malaysia, 19&20 April 2007.
[3]. Low impact development stormwater management planning and design guide. Published by Credit Valley Conservation Authority and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority Ontario Canada 2010.

[4]. Khoury-Nolde, Norma. "Rainwater Harvesting." (2006).

[5]. Förster, Jurgen. "Patterns of roof runoff contamination and their potential implications on practice and regulation of treatment and local infiltration." Water science and technology 33.6 (1996): 39-48.

Solid waste of coconut oil industry, approximate 40% of the raw materials was solid waste, it has been utilized optimally up to now. To increase its added value and, by transforming solid waste to high value lipase commodity as an natural-flavor based which is safer for food, through immobilized lipase techniques. Currently, chemical based synthetic flavor are still the main choice in food industry and there is no successful research and efforts to replace it. Lipase is a wide range biocatalyst used in various bioconversion reactions, such as hydrolysis, inter-esterification, esterification, trans-esterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis and aminolisis. Previous research has been established by Chumaidi, Moentamaria (2009 ), lipase crude extract can be produced by Bacillus substilis and Mucor miehei in a liquid medium Potato Dextro. In this research, the flavor was made from natural materials, citronellol, isolated from lemongrass oil and free fatty acids from hydrolyzed triglycerides of coconut oil. Purifying of crude lipase of Mucor miehei by ammonium sulfate fractionation method at 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%, and at the various percentage of waste of coconut cake. Furthermore, do immobilization of lipase at Polyurethane foam (PUF) 0.5 cm3 and 0.25 cm3 used in the esterification reaction of citronellol and free fatty acid at 400C at various reaction times of 30, 60 ,90, 120, 150 minutes . It uses also the variable weight of triglycerides to citronellol ratio are 1 : 1 and 1 : 3. Purification of lipase reaches 6.9 times increase from crude lipase by using ammonium sulfate 75%. The indication of esterification results is observed by presence of mix product of orange and strawberry flavor, with PUF 0.5 cm3 , reaction time of 150 minutes and ratio 1 : 3.

Immobilized lipase , natural flavor, PUF, esterification

[1]. Awang, Roila et al. 2007. Immobilization Lipase From Candida rugosa on Palm – Based Foam as a support Material Polyurethane. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology 3 163 – 166.
[2]. Badgujar K et al 2014. Application of lipase immobilized on biocompatible ternary blend polymer matrix for synthesis of citronellyl acetate in non-aqueous media : Kinetic modelling study
[3]. Chumaidi, Moentamaria.2009. Amobilisasi lipase dari Bacillus substilis- Mucor miehei, Proseding Seminar Nasional ITB
[4]. Dominiquez, A., Costas, M., Longo, M., & Sanroman, A. (2003). A novel Application of solid state culture: production of lipases by Yarrrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol lett., 25 (15): 1225-1229.
[5]. Khaskheli. A.A et al. 2015. Monitoring the Rhizopus oryzae lipase catalyzed hydrolysis of castor oil by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 113 56-61

Bio-drying (biological drying) is one alternative of bioconversion in solid waste treatment plant that commonly known as Mechanical Biological Treatment, MBT. The main purpose of bio-drying process MSW is to reduce the water content in the municipal solid waste by reducing the mass and increasing the calorific value of the waste. The rate of evaporation of water content in the effluent depends on the characteristics of the waste. The characteristics of municipal solid waste in each country is different, therefore should not have the same biodrying process characteristics. Objectives of this study are to determine the characteristics of the process and to design a bio-drying equipment for household waste in Indonesia, which has a high water content. Preliminary studies were carried out to determine optimum conditions for air at 25 liters per minute and processing period of 7 days by using a dynamic model of reactor (in alternating every 3 days). This data were used to design a bio-drying with a capacity of 50 kg of municipal solid waste. According to dimensional calculation, it was determined that the optimum reactor was having a length and a width of 0.7 m2 and a height of 1.1 m

MSW, Biodrying, Mechanical Biological Treatment, Dynamic Reactor, Calorific Value.

[1]. Anonim. "PermasalahanSampah Kota Malang" http://www.scribd.com/doc/73619052/ Permasalahan-Sampah-Kota-Malang (diakses, 20 januari 2012)
[2]. Anonim. 2012. Azotobacter.WkipediaThe Free Encyclopedia, diakses 18 agstus 2012 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azotobacter)
[3]. Anonim "Biodrying" (online) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodrying .diakses 17 Januari 2012.
[4]. Frei, K.M., Stuart, P.R., Cameron, D., 2004. Novel drying process using forced aeration through a porous biomass matrix. Finland : Dry. Technol.
[5]. Geankoplis, Christie J."Transport Process and Unit Operation",3rd Edition, Prentice Hall Inc, Engelewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1993.

The most widely used material in this world is concrete. After water, concrete is placed in second position. The use of natural sand in conventional concrete has become of vital importance which is scarce to obtain. Sand is basic concrete making construction material required in large quantities. Manufactured sand is one among such materials to replace river sand which can be used as an alternative fine aggregate in mortars and concrete. An attempt had been made in the present investigation to discuss the properties of concrete such as workability and compressive strength of concrete which is prepared by replacing natural sand with artificial sand at different replacement levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% , 80% and 100%). The results have predicted that replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand in order of 60% will produce concrete of satisfactory workability and compressive strength. Durability of the concrete is also tested by immersing the cubes in 5% hydrochloric acid solution. The specimens are studied for M20 & M30 grades of concrete for replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand when immersed in hydrochloric acid, the strength results of the specimens that are immersed in hydrochloric acid solution is found out.

Natural sand, Manufactured sand, Durability, Compressive strength

[1]. Hudson B.P," Manufactured Sand for concrete", The Indian concrete Journal, May 1997, pp. 237-240., Issue.3
[2]. Vinayak Vijapur, Mohammed Noorullr,(2013)," An Experimental Investigation on the Behavior of Self Curing Concrete Under Acidic Attack", International journal of Engineering Research-Online, Vol.1., Issue.3., 2013
[3]. Shaikh, M. G., Daimi, S. A. (2011), Durability studies of concrete made by using artificial sand with dust and natural sand, International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering (ISSN 0974-5904), Vol. 04, No. 06 SPL, pp 823-825
[4]. Mohaiminul Haque, 2Sourav Ray, H.M.A Mahzuz , "Use of stone powder with sand in concrete and Mortar. A Waste Utilization Approach", APRN Journal of Science & Technology Vol. 4 NO. 8 , August – 2011 ISSN 225-7217
[5]. Siva Kumar A and Prakash M. "Characteristics studies on the mechanical properties of quarry dust addition in Conventional Concrete", International Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, ISSN: 2141-2634 © 2011 , Volume 2 No. 10,

-- Large Electric Drives and utility applications require advanced power electronics converter to meet the high power demands. As a result, power converter structure has been introduced as an alternative in high power and medium voltage situations using RES. Renewable energy sources play an important role in rural areas where the power transmission from conventional energy sources is complicated. Other merits of renewable power source are dirt free, light and does not pollute environment. In order to meet the required load demand, it is better to integrate the renewable energy power with the application of drive connected system by using inverter module. A new interleaved high step-up converter with voltage multiplier cell is introduced in this paper to avoid the extremely narrow turn-off period and to reduce the current ripple. The voltage multiplier module is composed of the secondary windings of the coupled inductors, a series capacitor, and two diodes. In addition, the switch voltage stress is reduced due to the transformer function of the coupled inductors, which makes low-voltage-rated MOSFETs available to decrease the conduction losses. Additional active device is not required for the proposed converter fed induction motor drive using inverter module, which makes the presented circuit easy to design and control. The simulations results are presented using Matlab/Simulink platform.

[1]. R. J. Wai, W. H. Wang, and C. Y. Lin, "High-performance stand-alone photovoltaic generation system," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 240–250, Jan. 2008.
[2]. R. J. Wai and W. H. Wang, "Grid-connected photovoltaic generation system," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 953– 964, Apr. 2008.
[3]. L. Gao, R. A. Dougal, S. Liu, and A. P. Iotova, "Parallel-connected solar PV system to address partial and rapidly fluctuating shadow conditions," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1548–1556, May 2009.
[4]. B. Yang, W. Li, Y. Zhao, and X. He, "Design and analysis of a gridconnected photovoltaic power system," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 992–1000, Apr. 2010.
[5]. C. T. Pan and C. M. Lai, "A high-efficiency high step-up converter with low switch voltage stress for fuel-cell system applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 1998–2006, Jun. 2010.

The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, transportation, FRP doors and panels and sporting industries, etc. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this research, FRP composites were prepared using polyester resin & glass fiber. Glass fiber is added in matrix form of Chopped Strand Mat & Woven Roving fabric for contact moulding process i.e. for hand lay up two layers are chosen of each type of Glass fiber for getting sufficient thickness of laminates. The composites were synthesized using appropriate fiber-resin weight percentage. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, impact strength and hardness & Thermal Properties using Limiting Oxygen Index Test. The result of this research indicate better mechanical as well as thermal properties and by the combination of the useful properties of two different materials, quicker processing time, lower manufacturing cost, etc., make it as a versatile material in the field of engineering & Technology.

FRP, Glass fiber, Limiting oxygen index, processing time, Polyester resin, composites.

[1]. Smallman, R. E., and R.J. Bishop. Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering. 6th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.
[2]. Erhard, Gunter. Designing with Plastics. Trans. Martin Thompson. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 2006.
[3]. "New Chemical Substance" (PDF). The New York Times. February 6, 1909.pg 2-4

[4]. N. V. Rachchh, "Mechanical characterization of rattan fiber polyester composite", procedia material science 6(2014) 1396 – 1404.

[5]. S. K. Garkhali et al., "Mechanical Properties of Natural-Fibre-Mat-Reinforced Thermoplastics based on Flax Fibres and Polypropylene," Applied Composite Materials, vol. 7, pp. 351–372, 2000.

Electricity supply plays an important role in the economic development and technology advancement throughout the world. The quality and reliability of power supplies relates closely to the economic growth of a country. However, power quality disturbances such as sags, swells, flicker, harmonics, voltage imbalance etc., create a lot of problems in achieving a reliable and quality power supply. These power quality problems are very common in the electrical distribution systems. The poor voltage or reactive power compensation can be minimized or overcome by using FACTS device such as DSTATCOM. In this paper proposes a new control-algorithm-based DSTATCOM topology for voltage regulation even under stiff source. It is achieved by connecting a suitable external inductor in series between the load and the source point. The point of common coupling (PCC) will be the point where external inductor and source are connected. A DSTATCOM connected at the load terminal provides voltage regulation at the load terminal during voltage disturbances and protects induction machine drive. The simulation results are presented by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

DSTATCOM, multifunctional, stiff source, power factor, voltage regulation, induction machine drive .

[1]. Chandan Kumar and Mahesh K. Mishra, "A Multifunctional DSTATCOM Operating Under Stiff Source," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.61, no.7, pp.3131-3136, July 2014".
[2]. A. Bhattacharya and C. Chakraborty, "A shunt active power filter with enhanced performance using ANN-based predictive and adaptive controllers," IEEE Trans., Ind. Electron., vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 421–428, Feb. 2011.
[3]. S. Rahmani, A. Hamadi, and K. Al-Haddad, "A Lyapunov-function based control for a three phase shunt hybrid active filters," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1418–1429, Mar. 2012.
[4]. Mahesh K. Mishra and K. Karthikeyan, "An investigation on design and switching dynamics of a voltage source inverter to compensate unbalanced and nonlinear loads," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 2802–2810, Aug. 2009.
[5]. J. Liu, P. Zanchetta, M. Degano, and E. Lavopa, "Control design and implementation for high performance shunt active filters in aircraft power grids," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 3604–3613, Sep. 2012.

In present scenario of VLSI based system designing, efficient area, low power and high speed are the main parameter of design research. The designs must have the desired functionality and also parametric optimized performance. System portability, faster time to market and cost efficiency are the non-technical parameters that effect the life-time performance of the designed system. The low power consumption of VLSI circuit has emerged as the most important design parameter as it directly or indirectly affects the performance of all other technical and non-technical system design parameters. In the present work a Carry-Select-Adder (CSA or CSLA) design with low power combinational design is presented. The design is synthesized and simulated on Field Programmable Gate Array based VLSI hardware for its functional and power performance. The present study presents a comparative speed and power analysis of the proposed work with some existing work. The FPGA based low power analysis is concluded on the basis of the proposed work. The present work is performed using Xilinx Tool.

Carry Select Adder, Half Sum Generator, Half Carry Generator, Carry Select Unit, Dynamic Power.

[1]. Basant Kumar Mohanty and Sujit Kumar Patel, "Area Delay Power Efficient Carry Select Adder", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems-II, Volume-61 No.-6 June 2014.
[2]. Apoorva Singh and Soumitra Pande, "Literature Review on Carry Select Adder", International Journal of Engineering, Management and Medical Research, Volume-1 Issue-7, July 2015.
[3]. Gurpreet Kaur, Loveleen Kaur and Navdeep Kaur, "Reduced Area Carry Select Adder with Low Power Consumptions", International Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and Technology, Volume-3 Issue-3, March 2015.
[4]. M. D. Bobade and m. n. Kakatkar, "Implementation on FPGA Area-Delay Efficient Architecture of CSLA" International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Volume-4 Issue-6, June 2015.
[5]. Lingappagari Raju and Tipparti Anil Kumar, "FPGA Implementation of Efficient Carry-Select-Adder using Verilog HDL", International Journal and Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research, Volume-2 Issue-6, June 2015.

In this paper, design of two different multipliers are presented, one by introducing Carry Select Adder (CSLA) in partial product lines and another by synchronous Micro pipeline multiplier. The multipliers presented in this paper were all modelled using Very High Speed Integration Hardware Description Language. The design employs the modified Booth algorithm. A 2-phase micro-pipelined latch controller is used which controls the 4-phase pipeline with standard transparent latches. The comparison is done on the basis of three performance parameters i.e. Area, Speed and Power consumption. Previously in the literature, performance analysis was carried out between multiplier.

[1]. K. C. Smith, "Multiple-valued logic: a tutorial and appreciation," IEEE Computer, vol.21, April 1988.
[2]. Ricardo Cunha, Henri Boudinov and Luigi Carro "Quaternary Look-up Tables Using Voltage-Mode CMOS Logic Design" Proceedings of the 37th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (ISMVL'07), 13-16 May, 2007.
[3]. Ricardo Cunha G. da Silva , "A Novel Voltage Mode CMOS Quaternary Logic Design" , IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices , vol.53, no. 6 , June 2006.
[4]. Satyendra R.P.RajuDatla, Mitchell A. Thornton Quaternary Voltage-Mode Logic Cells and Fixed-Point Multiplication Circuits ISMVL.2010.
[5]. J.T. Butler, (editor), Multiple-Valued Logic in VLSI Design, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1991.

First cyber-physical-production systems (CPPS) are already in use in factories and their number will increase significantly in the next years. Thereby they are heralding the fourth industrial revolution, denominated »Industrie 4.0« in Germany. The implementation of this proclaimed industrial revolution will come along with crucial technological changes and business model innovations, including enormous opportunities for companies but also serious risks, if critical or disruptive technological changes are not identified early enough and corresponding reactions are not initiated. Thus an efficient and effective technology forecasting is crucial for companies to benefit from »Industrie 4.0«. But companies' business intelligence departments are facing the major difficulty to identify the relevant technological inventions in a new and so far unstructured technological environment. Therefore this paper presents a concept for the identification and structuring of application technologies and the demand-oriented derivation of structured search fields for the technology forecasting process in the context of CPPS. The concept was developed within the research project »Industrie 4.0 – International Benchmark, Future scenarios and recommendations for production research (INBENZHAP)«, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF).

[1]. Lee, E.: Cyber physical systems: Design challenges. In: 11th IEEE International Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC). IEEE, 2008.
[2]. Lin, K.-J.; Panahi, M.: A Real-Time Service-Oriented Framework to Support Sustainable Cyber-Physical Systems. In 8th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN). IEEE, 2010.
[3]. Geisberger, E.; Cengarle, M. V.; Keil, P.; Niehaus J.; Thiel, C. Thönnißen-Fries, H.-J.: Cyber-Physical Systems. Driving force for innovation inmobility, health, energy and production (acatech Position paper). acatech (2011)
[4]. Schuh, G.; Potente, T.; Wesch-Potente, C.; Weber, A. R.; Prote, Jan-Philipp: Collaboration Mechanisms to increase Productivity in the Context of Industrie 4.0. In Robust Manufacturing Conference (RoMaC 2014).
[5]. Schuh G, Dölle C, Riesener M, Rudolf S (2014b) Lean Innovation durch globales Komplexitätsmanagement, In Industrie 4.0: Aachen Perspektiven, Aachener Werkzeugmaschinenkolloquium 2014, pp. 145–170.

In this paper, we perform a high-performance H-encoder/decoder with adaptive logic architecture for the VLSI implementation. By executing the coupling switching activity (C.S.A) obtained by different data encoding techniques (D.E.T). The proposed system called as Adaptive Efficient Encoding technique (A.E.E.T) is introduced. The proposed encoding is inversion operation which is restricted to some encoding schemes. As the adaptive effective encoding technique gives better delay. The Xilinx 13.1 software is used for execution with Family SPARTAN 3E. The device and package used are XC3S100E and VQ100. Preferred verilog language to execute H-encoder/decoder with adaptive logic.

[1]. Nima Jafarzadeh, Maurizio Palesi and Ali Afzali-Kusha "Data Encoding Techniques for Reducing Energy Consumption in Network-on-Chip" IEEE transactions on very large scale integration (vlsi) systems, vol. 22, no. 3, march 2014
[2]. M. Palesi, R. Tornero, J. M. Orduñna, V. Catania, and D. Panno, "Designing robust routing algorithms and mapping cores in networks-onchip: A multi-objective evolutionary-based approach," J. Univ. Comput. Sci., vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 937–969, 2012.
[3]. M. S. Rahaman and M. H. Chowdhury, "Crosstalk avoidance and errorcorrection coding for coupled RLC interconnects," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., May 2009, pp. 141–144.
[4]. W. Wolf, A. A. Jerraya, and G. Martin, "Multiprocessor system-on-chip MPSoC technology," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1701–1713, Oct. 2008.
[5]. L. Benini and G. De Micheli, "Networks on chips: A new SoC paradigm," Computer, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 70–78, Jan. 2002.

This paper presents an efficient and simple approach for content based image retrieval. It utilizes the strength of multi-resolution wavelet features to extract colour features and correlation function for the comparison of query image with the images in database. The Wang‟s image database is used for testing the uploaded query image. The output is displayed into three categories which makes user to distinguish different accuracy levels of the output. The simulation is carried out using MATLAB R2011a.

[1]. C. Pathavardhan, A.K.Verma, C.Vasanth Lakshmi, "Robust Content Based Image Retrieval Based On Multi-Resolution Wavelet Features and Edge Histogram", Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Second International Conference on Image Information Processing (ICIIP-2013), Vol 1, pp. 447-453, 2013.
[2]. Divya Ragatha Venkata, Dr.Divakar Yadav, "Image Query Based Search Engine Using Image Content Retrieval", 2012 14th International Conference on Modelling and Simulation, Vol 5, No.6, pp. 283-286, 2012.
[3]. Asmitha Deshmukh, Gargi Phadke, "An Improved Content Based Image Retreival" International Conference on Computer and Communication Technology (ICCCT-2011). , Vol 9, No.5, pp. 191-196, 2011
[4]. Zhao Shan, Wang Hao-tai, "Image Retrieval Based on Bit-plane Distribution Entropy", 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering. , Vol 1, pp532-535, 2008.
[5]. Alex Po Leung and Peter Auer, "An Efficient Search Algorithm for Content Based Image Retrieval with User Feedback", 2008 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops. , Vol 5, No.1, pp. 885-890, 2008.

The shaping by hydroforming process involves several complex phenomena and presents several types of nonlinearities (geometric, material, etc.). The development of a hydroforming operation requires a lot of testing to determine with precision the optimum loads of trips and get a room without defects. Advances in digital tools have enabled manufacturers to simulate and optimize their production facilities before launching the production in order to minimize the maximum rate of defective parts. Several techniques or deterministic optimization methods have been proposed over the last decade in order to properly conduct a formatting operation. The majority of these techniques combine the finite element method and optimization techniques.

[1]. J.F. Barthelemy, « Function approximation, Structural optimization: Status and promise », Ed. Kamat M.P, 1993.
[2]. N. Boudeau, A. Lejeune and J. C. Gelin, "Influence of material and process parameters on the development of necking and bursting in flange and tube hydroforming", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vols. 125-126, 2002, p 849-855.
[3]. M.Koç et O.N.Cora "‟Hydroforming for Advanced Manufacturing‟‟ Elsevier, 25 avr. 2008 - 412 pages
[4]. Labergère C.,Contributions à la modélisation, à l‟optimisation et au contrôle des procèdes d‟hydroformage de tubes et flans, PhD Thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2003.
[5]. Gelin, J. C.; Labergère, C. (2001), Modelling, optimization and optimal control for hydro forming process, Proceedings of the 4th international ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming- Volume 1, Liège, Belgium (2001) pp. 377-380.
[6]. Kang, B. S.; Son, B. M.; Kim, J. (2004), A comparative study of stamping and hydro forming processes for automobile fuel tank using FEM. International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 44 (2004), pp. 87-94.

This research on indoor environment would not have been possible unless it can be proven that indoor environment without design criteria by designers and occupants will affect building occupants health and well-being. This research presenting the Indoor Environment Quality (IEQ) and how it affect occupants health, comfort and satisfaction. This research will investigate relationship between elements of indoor environment in building such as heat, lighting, sound, materials, etc. and their impact on indoor health. It is believed that poor indoor air quality (IAQ) is associated with Sick Building Syndrome (SBS), which, of course, have major effects on occupants health. symptoms as a result of poor indoor environment like sickness, asthma, itching, allergy etc. as shown in Fig.1. This paper consists of a collection of available information about indoor sustainable design and occupant health. In addition, it reviewed different literature which relates to indoor building health. Finally, its main aim is reach healthy indoor environment which can be adversely affects neither health of its occupants nor larger environment.

[1]. Bluyssen, P.,M., 2009, "The Indoor Environment Handbook How to Make Buildings Healthy and Comfortable", Earthscan, UK
[2]. Tuomainen, M., Smolander, J., Kurnitski, J., Palonen, J., Seppänen, O., 2002, "MODELLING THE COST EFFECTS OF THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT", Proceedings: Indoor Air 2002
[3]. Yee, T., C., 2014, "INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (IEQ): A CASE STUDY IN TAYLOR'S UNIVERSITY, MALAYSIA", International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Dec. 2014. Vol. 5. No. 07
[4]. Levin, H., 1996, "DESIGN FOR MULTIPLE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS", Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Volume 2.. pp. 741-746.
[5]. Fisk, W., J., 2000, "HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM BETTER INDOORENVIRONMENTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH BUILDINGENERGY EFFICIENCY", Annual Review of Energy and the Environment Vol. 25: 537- 566

Text mining has become an exciting research field as it tries to discover valuable information from unstructured texts. The unstructured texts which contain vast amount of information cannot simply be used for further processing by computers. Therefore, exact processing methods, algorithms and techniques are vital in order to extract this valuable information which is completed by using text mining. In this paper, we have discussed general idea of text mining and comparison of its techniques. In addition, we briefly discuss a number of text mining applications which are used presently and in future.

[1]. Vallikannu Ramanathan, T. Meyyappan "Survey of Text Mining", International Conference on Technology and Business and Management, March 2013, pp. 508-514.
[2]. Vidya K A, G Aghila, "Text Mining Process, Techniques and Tools: an Overview",
[3]. International Journal of Information Technology and Knowledge Management, July-December 2010, Volume 2, No 2, pp.613-622.
[4]. R.Sagayam, S.Srinivasan, S.Roshini, "A Survey of Text Mining: Retrieval, Extraction and
[5]. Indexing Techniques". Internaltional Journal of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol.2 Issue.5.

Light weight concrete (LWC) is gaining momentum in construction industry in recent days due to various advantages that inherently it possess. As a next generation of LWC a floating concrete is becoming popular in countries like Singapore, Malaysia, and Norway. These are used in marine environment for construction of floating structures such as bridges and floating platforms for many purpose and other offshore structures. When these structures are constructed in marine environment budded with reinforcement is like to get corroded and where by durability problems start. Therefore it is essential to study the corrosion behavior of reinforced lightweight – floating concrete. In this paper various electrochemical test are described to study the corrosion and durability aspects.

[1]. Nagesh.Mustapure and H.Eramma "Experimental investigation on cellular lightweight concrete blocks for varying grades of density", International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science, Volume No.02, Issue No. 08, August 2014.
[2]. J.M.Chi, R.Huang, C.C.Yang, and J.J.Chang "Effect of Aggregate Properties on the Strength and Stiffness of Lightweight Concrete", Journal of Cement & Concrete Composites, 25. 197-205, 2003.
[3]. Jae-Suk Ryu, Nobuaki Otsuki, Hiroshi Minagawa, "Long term forecast of Ca leaching from mortar and associated degeneration",Cement and Concrete Research 32 (2002) 1539 - 1544.
[4]. Byoungsun Park, Seung Yup Jang, Jae-Yeol Cho, Jae Young Kim, "A novel short term Immersion test to determine the chloride ion diffusion coefficient of cementitiousmaterials",Construction and Building Materials 57 (2014) 169 - 178.
[5]. Juan Lizarazo- Marriaga, Peter Claisse, "Determination of the concrete chloride diffusion coefficient based on an Electrochemical test and an optimization model",Materials Chemistry and physics 117(2009) 536 -543.

This paper deals with employing IDW interpolation technique in carrying out precipitation interpolation of Kozhikode district in Kerala, India using QGIS and assessing the output to understand the general trend of rainfall pattern seen in that area.

[1]. Introduction to Geographic Information Systems by Kang-tsung Chang .
[2]. Yunhua Gu, Lingmei Sun, Jin Wang, " Comparative Analysis of Single and Mixed Spatial Interpolation Methods for Variability Prediction of Temperature Prediction", International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology, Vol 6, No.1, January 2013.
[3]. www.imd.gov.in
[4]. bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in
[5]. www.qgistutorials.com

Huge increase in computer technology results in the vast growth of digital images Due to which we require effective content based image retrieval. Content based image retrieval works on the principal of automatic indexing retrieval. Indexing retrieval is done on visual impression and semantic features. However user struggles while characterizing their information to content based image retrieval. In this paper we study method based on color histogram approach. The potential of this method is measured and results are shown. The focus of this paper is to make content based image retrieval system more effectual. More improvements are required to build better performance in image retrieval.

[1]. "Content based image retrieval using color difference histogram" by Guang –hai Liu, Jing-yu Yang,pattern recognition ELSEVIER journal 2013.
[2]. "Content Based Image Retrieval using Discrete Wavelet Transform and edge histogram descriptor"by swati agarwal, a.k.verma, preetvanti singh,conference paper,2013 IEEE.
[3]. "Fusion of color, shape and texture features for content based image retrieval" by Pratheep Anantharatanaswamy,Kaavya Sriskandaraja,sampath deegalla ICCSE, 2013 IEEE.
[4]. "Survey of techniques of high level semantic based image retrieval" by Amadeep Kaur,Kiran Jyoti IJRCCT of computer and communication technology vol 2, JAN 2013.
[5]. "Image retrieval based on color texture features" by Ching-Hung Su, Mohd Helmy Abd Waheb And Tsai-Ming Hsieh,FSKD, 2012 IEEE.

A quick and simple method for determining thermo-mechanical compatibility of sintered Ag die attach is presented without assembling samples for moisture level sensitivity assessments. Material components of a power semiconductor package such as the die attach material (high lead or SnPb solder and sintered silver die attach) , copper lead frame, silicon die and epoxy mold compounds were isolated. Each components were studied individually by subjecting samples of SnPb, sintered Ag and epoxy mold compound to digital scanning calorimetry (DSC). The purpose is to be able to simulate thermal stimulus during manufacturing process. After the 1st heat treatment, a second heating step was employed on all components which additionally includes a copper lead frame and silicon die. The purpose of this step is to simulate customer reflow conditions during board mount. This step also derives the thermal graphs to determine the thermo-mechanical behavior of each constituent material from low to high temperature stimulus. The results suggests that sintered silver performs better compared to the SnPb die attach thermo-mechcanically. The reason lies in the processing of these materials, SnPb transitions from a solid to liquid state at temperatures above 187oC. Hence during board mount, SnPb die attach has a tendency not to maintain structural integrity and thus prone to delamination. Sinter Ag on the other hand does not necessitate melting during its process steps and therefore maintains its structural integrity. Furthermore since sintered silver does not require melting process, the thermo-mechanical profile compared to other component material deviates less as compared to the SnPb solder types.

[1]. M. Knoerr, A. Schletz "Power Semiconductor Joining through Sintering of Silver Nanoparticles: Evaluation of Influence of Parameters Time, Temperature and Pressure on Density, Strength and Reliability" Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB) pp 1-6 March 2010.
[2]. Electronics Sourcing Online, DA5 consortium to develop high-lead solder alternatives http://www.electronics-sourcing.com/2010/04/21/da5-consortium-to-develop-high-lead-solder-alternatives/ Accessed 25 June 2015
[3]. Manikam, Tolentino "Sintering of Ag paste for power devices die attach on Cu surfaces", November 2014
[4]. J. Yan, G. Zou "Pressure less bonding process using Ag nanoparticle paste for flexible electronic packaging" Scripta Materiala pp. 582-585 2012
[5]. G. Bai, Low-temperature Sintering of Nanoscale Silver Paste for Semiconductor Device Interconnection, PhD thesis,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia, 2005

Financial engineering is the application of mathematical methods to the solution of problems in finance. It is also known as financial mathematics, mathematical finance, and computational finance. Financial engineering draws on tools from applied mathematics, computer science, statistics, and economic theory. With the growth of commerce and corporate governance, the use of financial engineering as a tool and a model for assessing the growth of organizations has become significant thereby raising the bar for competitiveness and efficiency. Financial Engineering can be used for various aspects – to showcase and build models for the turnovers in a firm, to solve hurdles on the basis of mathematical modeling and to build upon a set of applications that can further be implied in the corporate world. With the growing importance of these aspects as domains, the research paper mainly entails in presenting the different uses of financial engineering in management and reduction of the common financial threats that are mundane in the world of finance. The paper will present information on how to use financial engineering effectively through its different building blocks to eliminate management threats. The paper will also ensure that the use of financial engineering is geared to having an effective and efficient market that will ensure the increase of trading information and present a near perfect market. With the help of empirical evidence and past papers, this study provides a whole new set of literature review, therefore signifying its importance. The findings showed that financial engineering led to organizational growth, efficiency, building of reliable models and so on and forth. If done in a set manner, financial engineering can lead to great growth and development.

[1]. Brealey, R.A. and Myers, S.C. (2000). Principles of Corporate Finance. 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York.
[2]. Brigham, E.F., and Gapenski, L.C. (2002). Intermediate Financial Management. 3rd edn. The Dryden Press, Chicago.
[3]. Coopers and Lybrand (2002). A Guide to Financial Instruments. Euromoney Publications, London.
[4]. Copeland, T.E., and Weston, J.F. (2001). Financial Theory and Corporate Policy. 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
[5]. Copeland, T.E., and Weston, J.F. (2000). Financial Theory and Corporate Policy. 3rd edn. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Motivation of Engineers in Construction Industry

[1]. Reddy, R. (2004). Organisational Behaviour. New Delhi: APH .
[2]. Cherrington, D. J. (1989). Organizational Behaviour: The Management of individual and organizational performance. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
[3]. Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: human needs in organizational settings. California: Free Press.
[4]. Ray French, Charlotte Rayner, Gary Rees, Sally Rumbles, John Schermerhorn, James Hunt, Richard Osborn. (2005). Organizational Behavioer. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
[5]. Mawdesley, M. J., & Al-Jibouri, S. (2010). Modelling construction project productivity using systems dynamics approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(1), 18–36. doi:10.1108/17410401011006095