Recently, the need for assessing soil properties has expanded. This is because of the growing public
interest in determining consequences of management practices on the quality of soil relative to sustainability of
fragile-ecosystem functions in addition to plant productivity. In this study, 12 physical, chemical, and biological
attributes of various soils at a different land use/cover plots in Basra Province, Iraq were determined by remote
sensed (RS) imagery. Also, soil samples were positioned by GPS to quantitatively evaluate soil quality with the
method of integrated soil quality index (SQI). The analytical hierarchy processes (AHP) and experts‟
knowledge were used to determine soil quality indicators and their weights.The assessment units were created
by overlaying soil map with land use/cover map in GIS spatial analysis module and using Multiple Variable
Indicator Transform (MVIT). The distribution map of soil quality showed that the area of first-grade quality (I),
second-grade quality (II), and the third-grade quality (III) was 19.8, 23.9, and 56.3 %, respectively. The result
could help to promote the production of non-harmful produces, provide scientific information for adjusting
agricultural structure, and maintaining sustainable development in agriculture.

[1]. A. S. Yakovlev, V. M. Gendugov, G. P. Glazunov, M. V. Evdokimova, and E. A. Shulakova, "Methodology for the environmental assessment of the soil state and regulation of the soil quality" Eurasian Soil Science. 42 (8), pp 916-925 (2009).
[2]. V. I. Kiryushin," Assessment of land quality and soil fertility for planning farming systems and agrotechnologies" Eurasian Soil Science. 40 (7), pp 785-791 (2007).
[3]. D. Granatstein, and D.F. Bezdicek, "The need for a soil quality index: Local and regional perspectives" American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 17, 12-16 (1992).
[4]. M.T. Jabbar, "Soil loss by wind erosion for three different textured soil treated with polyacrylamide and crude oil, Iraq"Journal of China University Geosciences 2:113–116 (2001).
[5]. R.D.Connolly, D.M. Freebairn,and M.J. Bell, "Change in soil infiltration associated with leys in southeastern Queensland"Australian Journal of Soil Research 36, 1057-1072 (1998).

Bridge failures are often observed due different reasons, such as environmental sever conditions, exceed the traffic load, poor initial design requirements, etc; as well as the unexpected disaster accidents such as earthquakes, As a result, evaluation of the stability of bridge abutments has become an important part of engineering research. This study present the whole inspection process of the Zhong Xing Bridge including the main beam , support, deck system (pavement, drainage , side walk and railing guard), pier, reinforcement protect layer and corrosion and the abutment (ear walls, cone slope and foundation). The investigation showing the bridge has minor defects through the substructures while the super structure consist of the T-beam girders section parts. The data showing the T-beam have no enough reservoir capacity and need to strengthening, while the other parts in a good condition and meet the design requirements. This research also proposed design strengthening method of bridge.

Field investigation, concrete T-Beam girder, site inspection, Zhong Xing Bridge.

Classification of database of programming languages is useful in system modeling situations to produce a concise representation of the behaviour of a system. Such analysis can be formed using different similar algorithms to aggregate the number of data sets to manage number of subsets /categories. Here ten languages are classified based on five different methods.1) based on weight of criteria, 2) based on Bayesian theory, 3) Based on MCDM, Multi criterion decision making. 4) Based on Defect 5) Based on productivity..

Function point, Productivity

[1]. Jones, Capers "Applied software measurement Global analysis of productivity and quality". Tata McGraw Hill Edition 2010.
[2]. Jones, Capers "Estimating software costs, 2nd edition, N, McGraw Hill 2007.
[3]. Jones, Capers, "Programming productivity", New York McGraw Hill publishing company; 1986
[4]. Guanrong Chen and etal Introduction to fuzzy sets, fuzzy logic and fuzzy control systems. CRC Press, 2000.
[5]. Daniel T Larose Data Mining: methods and models. Wiley inter science 2006.

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an emerging technique based on the principles of friction stir welding (FSW). Fine-grained Al-Zn-Mg alloy can be fabricated in situ by friction stir processing. Therefore, FSP has been shown to be a feasible technique to produce large-area thin plate of fine-grained 7075 aluminium alloy by running double passes. Thus, friction stirring produces very fine grain microstructure in the stirred region. During FSP alloy possesses enhanced proof strength, ultimate tensile strength and ductility. Therefore, it is possible to further refine and homogenize the cast structure and to produce large volume of materials by applying FSP technique.

fine-grain, 7075 Al-alloy, yield strength, FSP technique.

[1]. S. Valdez, M. Suarez, O.A. Fregoso, J.A. Juarez-Islas, Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2012, 28(3), pp. 255-260.
[2]. A. Gaber, N. Afify, Journal of Materials Science, 27(1992), pp. 1347-1352.
[3]. N. Afify, A. Gaber, G. Abbady, Materials Sciences and Applications, 2011, 2, pp. 427-434.
[4]. K. Surekha, B.S. Murthy, K. Prasad Rao, Surface & Coating Technology 202 (2008) pp. 4057-4068.
[5]. P. Cavaliere, A. Squillace, Materials Characterization 55 (2005) 136-142.

Fly Ash is the waste material, which is obtained after burning coal in Thermal Power Plants. It can be used as a stabilizer for soil due to its pozzolanic effect or an inherent self-hardening property under favourable conditions of moisture and compaction. This project aims at increasing the strength of poorly graded soil by using Fly Ash and cement as admixtures in various proportions. Some percentage of Fly Ash without any additives was utilized so as to reduce the cost of construction and this is a good method for disposal of it. Fly Ash was added in various percentages like 10, 20, 30 and 40 (% by volume). Initially all basic Geotechnical properties of the soil such as liquid limit, plastic limit,Grain Size Analysis, Specific Gravity, Free Swell Index, Unconfined Compressive Strength, OMC and MDD were determined. Later on the stabilized mixes were tested for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) which is an indirect measurement of strength. After the detailed experimental investigation it is observed that 30% addition of Fly Ash has shown optimum values, same investigation was continued with addition of cement in 2, 5, 8 and 10 percentages to the optimum mix of Fly Ash with soil. The strengths were determined in both Unsoaked and soaked conditions and at various curing periods such as 7 and 28 Days. Among all proportions of mixes 30% Fly Ash+8 % of the cement has shown maximum strengths, so that it was decided as optimum mix. Maximum strengths were obtained at 28 days curing period for all proportions of mixes so that this period is decided as optimum curing period. Eventually this project work facilitates aneconomical, strong and durable construction material for Flexible Pavements.

..

[1]. Dili Kumar, Ashish Gupta &Neetesh Kumar " Some Geotechnical Properties of Coal Fly Ash and Sand Mixtures with Different Ratio using in Highway & Embankments"
[2]. M.K. Vaidya, Chore H.S, P.Kousitha, S.K.Ukrande"Geotechnical Characterization Cement - Fly Ash - Fibers Mix "
[3]. H. P. Singh "Strength Characteristics of Fly Ash Reinforced With GeosyntheticFiber "
[4]. ChayanGupta ,Dr. Ravi Kumar Sharma "Influence of Marble Dust, Fly Ash and Beas Sand on Sub Grade Characteristics of Expansive Soil".
[5]. Ajanta Kalita "Experimental Study on Strength Behaviour Of Cement Blended Soil-Fly Ash Mixes".

In this study, a fully coupled simulation of the field assisted sintering process of a high alloy corrosion resistant TRIP-steel was performed. Special attention was paid to the prediction of temperature distribution, evaluation of density and stress distribution within the die during the short time sintering process. Furthermore, upscaling effects are addressed.

FAST, SPS, FEM, coupled simulation, upscaling, material model.

[1]. L. Krüger, S. Wolf, S. Martin, A. Jahn, A. Weiß, P.R. Scheller: Strain rate dependent flow stress and energy absorption behavior of cast CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP steels. Steel Research International, 82 (2011), Nr. 9, S. 1087-1093.
[2]. S. Martin, S. Wolf, S. Decker, L. Krüger, U. Martin: Deformation Bands in High-Alloy Austenitic 16Cr6Mn6Ni TRIP Steel: Phase Transformation and its Consequences on Strain Hardening at Room Temperature. Steel Research International, (2015) DOI: 10.1002/srin.201500005
[3]. Decker, S., Martin, S., Krüger, L.: Influence of Powder Particle Size on the Compaction Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a High Alloy Austenitic CrMnNi TRIP Steel during Spark Plasma Sintering. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47 (2016), pp. 170-177
[4]. Decker, S., Lange, K., Krüger, L., Dubberstein, T.: Influence of the Sulfur Content on the Sintering Behavior and the Mechanical Properties of a CrMnNi-TWIP-Steel. Steel Research International, 86 (2015), 5, pp. 544–549.
[5]. O. Guillon, J. Langer, D.V. Quach, J.R. Groza, A direct comparison between FAST and SPS based on the sintering of oxide ceramics, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2011, Vol. 8 [6], pp. 1459-1467

The range of computer applications in engineering design covers procedures from preliminary conceptual design to the production of manufacturing drawings and specifications. Most computer applications intended for production use can be classified into five or more major categories: analysis, computer-aided drafting and design, geometric modeling, data base management systems, and artificial intelligence. Gears are machine elements that transmit angular motion and power by the successive engagement of teeth on their periphery. They constitute an economical method for such transmission, particularly if power levels or accuracy requirements are high. Spur gears are the most common variety and the most economical to manufacture.. Axes of mating gears are parallel. Spur gears are used to transmit rotary motion between parallel shafts. They are cylindrical, and the teeth are straight and parallel to the axis of rotation. The pinion is the smaller of two mating gears; the larger is called the gear or the wheel. The scope of this work includes, to design, model and simulate Spur Gear, to select Gear materials ,to analysis spur gears also to detailed factor safety in design Computer aided design uses the mathematical and graphic processing power of the computer to assist the engineer in the creatoion, modification, analysis, and designs many factors have contributed to CAD technology becoming the necessary tool in the engineering technical data base, CAD combines the characteristic of designer and computer that are best applicable to the design process, the combination of human creativity with computer technology provides the design efficiency that has made CAD such as popular design tool. Gears are useful when the following kinds of power or motion transmission are required: (1) a change in speed of rotation, (2) a multiplication or division of torque or magnitude of rotation, (3) a change in direction of rotation, (4) conversion from rotational to linear motion or vice versa (rack gears), (5) a change in the angular orientation of the rotational motion (bevel gears), and (6) an offset or change in location of the rotating motion.

[1]. Childs,, T.H.C.; Maekawa, K.; Obikawa, T.; Yamane, Y. " Metal Machining -Theory and Applications", Elsevier Dec 7, 200, ISBN 0-340-69159-X
[2]. Holubář, P., Šíma, M., Zindulka, O., Technologie Úpravy Nástrojů Před Povlakováním, MM průmyslové spektrum, č. 9
[3]. OBERG, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L,Ryffel, Henry H., Machinery's Handbook (27thEdition) & Guide to Machinery's Handbook, Industrial Press, Sep 19, 2005
[4]. Zetek, M.; Škarda, J.; Kříž, A.; Sosnová, M.; Hájek, J.; Podaný, P. New Types Of Thin Layers And new trends in PVD technologies. In ICPM 2005. Wien : Abteilung Austauschbau und Messtechnik, 2005. s. 337-343. ISBN 3-901-888-31-4
[5]. Law, A. M., and M. G. McComas. 1991. Secrets of Successful Simulation Studies, Proceedings of the1991 Winter Simul ation Conference, ed. J. M.Charnes, D. M. Morrice, D. T. Brunner, and J. J.Swain, 21−27. Institute of Electrical and Electroni cs Engineers, Piscataway, New Jersey

Mechanical weed control not only uproots the weeds between the crop rows but also keeps the soil surface loose, ensuring better soil aeration and water intake capacity. Weeding by mechanical devices reduces the cost of labour and also saves time. At present power paddy weeders available in the market were designed to work in two rows at a time. In this study modification was done to attach a cono weeder in line with the float of the power paddy weeder so as to cover the weeding in three rows at a time and ergonomically evaluated. Psychophysical measurement technique was used to quantify the overall discomfort as well as body part discomfort. The physiological cost involved in operation of the three row power paddy weeder was found out and the average working heart rate of the subject was 110 beats min-1. The predicted oxygen consumption rate was 0.971 l min-1 that is 47% of their aerobic capacity (VO2 max) which was above the acceptable limit of 35% of VO2 max. The weeding index was found to be 88%. Area covered by the power paddy weeder was 40 cent/hour while planting 30 cm row spacing. Mean overall discomfort rating on a 10 point visual analogue discomfort scale ( 0- no discomfort, 10- extreme discomfort ) was 4.0 and scaled as "More than light discomfort". If only one worker is engaged for the weeding operation with this equipment, 9 min rest could be provided after 30 min of operation.

power paddy weeder; heart rate; aerobic capacity; weeding index; discomfort

[1]. Anonymous, RNAM test codes and procedure for farm machinery, Technical series No. 12, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Regional Network for Agricultural Mechanization, Bangkok, Thailand, 1985.
[2]. R. S. Bridger, Introduction to Ergonomics.3rd Edn., Mc Graw-HIll, Inc, New york, 1995. [3]. E. N. Corlett, and R. P. Bishop, A technique for assessing postural discomfort. Ergonomics, 1976,19,175-182.
[4]. L.P. Gite, and G. Singh, Ergonomics in agricultural and allied activities in India, Technical Bulletin No. CIAE/97/70, 1997.
[5]. K. H. E. Kroemer, H. B.Kroemer, and K. E. E. Kroemer, Ergonomics-How to design for ease and efficiency, Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper saddle River, New Jersey,2000.

Object Oriented (OO) metrics play a key role in determining the efficiency of the code being developed under OO approaches. Cohesion and coupling are the widely used measures applied for the determination of important factors including reusability, maintainability and readability. There exists many Cohesion and Coupling based OO metrics making it difficult to choose the appropriate one. Moreover, improper application of these metrics may also lead to wrong judgements. This paper aims to provide a classification of various Cohesion and Coupling based OO metrics.

Object Oriented; Cohesion; Coupling; Classification of cohesion metrics; information related; Static, Dynamic.

[1]. Source:http://portal.acm.org
[2]. Linda H. Rosenberg, "Applying and Interpreting Object Oriented Metrics", Presentation, Track 7: Measures/Metrics
[3]. James M Bieman, Byung-Kyoo Kang, "Cohesion and Reuse in an Object-Oriented System", ACM Symposium on software Reusability(SSR '95), April 1995, pp 259-262
[4]. Sukainah Husein, Alan Oxley, "A Coupling and Cohesion Metrics Suite for Object-Oriented Software", IEEE International Conference on Computer Technology and Development, 2009, pp 421- 425.
[5]. Béla Újházi, Rudolf Ferenc, Denys Poshyvanyk and Tibor Gyimóthy, "New Conceptual Coupling and Cohesion Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems", IEEE Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2010, pp 33-42.

In present scenario of VLSI based system designing, efficient area, low power and high speed are the main parameter of design research. The designs must have the desired functionality and also parametric optimized performance. System portability, faster time to market and cost efficiency are the non-technical parameters that effect the life-time performance of the designed system. The low power consumption of VLSI circuit has emerged as the most important design parameter as it directly or indirectly affects the performance of all other technical and non-technical system design parameters. In the present work a Carry-Select-Adder (CSA or CSLA) design with low power combinational design is presented. The design is synthesized and simulated on Field Programmable Gate Array based VLSI hardware for its functional and power performance. The present study presents a comparative speed and power analysis of the proposed work with some existing work. The FPGA based low power analysis is concluded on the basis of the proposed work. The present work is performed using Xilinx Tool.

Carry Select Adder, Half Sum Generator, Half Carry Generator, Carry Select Unit, Dynamic Power.

[1]. Dr. A. Muthu Kumaravel1, "Mining User Profile Using Clustering From Search Engine Logs", Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2014
[2]. Ian H. Witten , "Text mining",
[3]. Pushpanjali M. Chouragade , Prashant N. Chatur "Visual Re-rank: An Approach for Image Retrieval from Large-scale Image Database", Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013. [4]. Ji Donghong, Yang Lingpeng, Nie Yu, Tang L,i ,"ONLINE DISCOVERY OF RELEVANT TERMS FROM INTERNET"
[5]. Utku Irmak, Vadim von Brzeski, Reiner Kraft, Contextual Ranking of Keywords Using Click Data ,2009.