Clustering is the technique used for data reduction. It divides the data into groups based on pattern similarities such that each group is abstracted by one or more representatives. Recently, there is a growing emphasis on exploratory analysis of very large datasets to discover useful patterns. This paper explains extracting the useful knowledge represented by clusters from textual information contained in a large number of emails for text and data mining techniques. E-mail data that are now becoming the dominant form of inter and intra organizational written communication for many companies. The sample texts of two mails are verified for data clustering. The cluster shows the similar emails exchanged between the users and finding the text similarities to cluster the texts. In this paper the use of Pattern similarities i.e., the similar words exchanged between the users by considering the different Threshold values are made for the purpose. The threshold value shows the frequency of the words used. The representation of data is done using a vector space model.

[1]. S. Basu, M. Bilenko, and R. J. Mooney. A probabilistic framework for semi-supervised clustering. In KDD-04, 2004.
[2]. A. Blum and T. Mitchell. Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computational Learning Theory, 1998
[3]. Jain A.K., M.N. Murthy and P.J. Flynn, "Data Clustering : A Review,"ACM Computing Surveys, 1999.
[4]. Anagha Kulkarni and Ted Pedersen, "Name Discrimination and Email Clustering using Unsupervised Clustering and Labeling of Similar Contexts", 2nd Indian International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IICAI-05), pp. 703-722, 2005.
[5]. Porter. M, "An algorithm for suffix stripping", Proc. Automated library Information systems, pp130-137, 1980....

The proposed research paper is concerned with the generation of water waves due to initial disturbances at the upper surface of a fluid assumed to be covered by an inertial surface. The inertial surface is composed of thin but uniform distribution of non-interacting floating material. The fluid is assumed to be of uniform finite depth but the bed is considered to be porous. The Fourier and Laplace transform techniques have been used as the mathematical analysis to obtain the depression of the inertial surface in the form of an infinite integral. The inertial surface depression is evaluated asymptotically for large time and distance using method of stationary phase for an initial disturbance concentrated at a point. They are also depicted graphically and appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Initial boundary value problem, initial disturbance, inertial surface, Fourier transformation, Laplace transformation, free surface depression, method of stationary phase, porous bed, velocity potential.

[1]. H.Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1932
[2]. J.J.Stoker, Water Waves, Interscience, New York, 1957
[3]. H.C.Kranzer and J.B.Keller, Water wave produced by explosion, J.Appl.Phys., 30, 398-407, 1959
[4]. K.S.Chaudhuri, Water wave in shallow water due to arbitrary surface disturbance, Applied Scientific Research, 19(1), 274-284, 1968
[5]. S.L.Wen, A note on water wave created by surface disturbance, International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 13(1), 55-58, 1982...

In its generally essential structure, cloud balancing furnishes an organization with the capacity to convey requisition requests over any number of application deployments spotted in data centers and through cloud-computing suppliers. Cloud balancing takes a broader perspective of provision conveyance and applies specified limits and administration level agreements to each request. The utilization of cloud balancing can bring about the dominant part of clients being served by provision arrangements in the cloud providers' environments, in spite of the fact that the local application deployment or inner, private cloud may have all that could possibly be needed limit to serve that client. A variant of cloud balancing called cloud bursting, which sends abundance traffic to cloud implementations, is additionally being executed over the globe today. Cloud bursting conveys the profits of cloud providers when utilization is high, without the out of pocket when organizational data centers incorporating internal cloud arrangements can handle the workload.

Load balancing, resource scheduling, performance analysis, optimal allocation.

[1]. Zhang Bo ,GaoJi , Ai Jieqing, "Cloud Loading Balance algorithm", 2nd International Conference on Information Science and Engineering (ICISE), 2010, pages :5001 – 5004. [2]. Siva ThejaMaguluri, R Srikant, Lei Ying, "Heavy Traffic Optimal Resource Allocation Algorithms for Cloud Computing Clusters",InternationalTeletrafficConference, 2012. [3]. AlexandruIosup, Simon Ostermann, NezihYigitbasi, RaduProdan, Thomas Fahringe and Dick Epema, "Performance Analysis of Cloud Computing Services for Many-Tasks Scientific Computing", IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, Volume : 22 , Issue : 6, June 2011 pages: 931-945.
[4]. Robert L. Grossman, "The Case for Cloud Computing", IT Professional, Volume: 11, Issue: 2, March 2009, pages: 23-27. [5]. Wenwu Zhu, Chong Luo, Jianfeng Wang, Shipeng Li, "Multimedia Cloud Computing",IEEE Signal Processing Magazine ,Volume:28 , Issue: 3 ,May 2011,pages:59 – 69...

For low power wind energy or micro-hydel applications of the order of 1-10KW, the lowest cost can be achieved if the generator is a simple squirrel cage induction motor used as a self excited induction generator (SEIG). The induction generator output can be rectified to produce a DC Bus from which a single phase inverter can feed the power supply grid. A SEIG requires capacitors to be connected to the three terminals to provide reactive power as it is not directly connected to the power supply grid. The aim of the paper is to check the feasibility of wind power generation with a 2 KW squirrel cage induction motor used as a generator. A single phase current hysteresis controlled IGBT inverter is proposed to supply the mains utility power supply with the generated power. The complete system has been simulated.

[1]. Ned Mohan, torr undeland & William Robbins, "power electronics: converters, applications and design', john Wiley & sons,1989.
[2]. Bimal K.Bose, "Modern power electronics and AC drives", Pearson education,2002.
[3]. Rubyna K. Brenden, Wajeeh Hallaj, ganesh Subramanian, sony katoch "wind energy road map", PICMET 2009 proceedings, august2-6 portland,Oregon USA.
[4]. On-Line Dead-Time Compensation Technique forOpen-LoopPWM-VSI Drives ieee Transactions on power electronics, vol. 14, no. 4, july 1999, lfredo r. mu˜noz, member, ieee, and thomas a. lipo, fellow, ieee.
[5]. Controlled Shunt Capacitor Self-Excited Induction Generator, Mustafa A. A1- Saffar Eui-heol Nho, Thomas A. Lipo.....

Convolution encoding with Viterbi decoding is a powerful method for error checking. It has been widely deployed in many wireless communication systems to improve the limited capacity of the communication channels. The Viterbi algorithm, which is the most extensively employed decoding algorithm for convolution codes. In this paper, we present an implementation of Viterbi Decoder for code rate of ½ and for constraint length of 9 which is employed in present technologies. The Viterbi algorithm is commonly used in a wide range of communications and data storage applications.Thispaper discusses about architecture for a Viterbi Decoder using VLSI design techniques at circuit level. The Viterbi decoder comprises of BMU, PMU and a SMU. Communication within the decoder blocks is controlled by the Request-Acknowledge handshake pair which signals that data is ready for process. The design of various units of Viterbi Decoder is done by VERILOG HDL language. The simulation results show the decoder output of the encoded bits which are nothing but the bits which we are applied to conventional encoder.

Design and Implementation of High Speed Low Power Viterbi Decoder.

[1]. The "20 Mbps convolutional encoder Viterbi decoder STEL-2020,"Stanford Telecommunications, Santa Clara, CA, Oct. 1989.
[2]. A.V. Aho, J.E. Hopcroft, and J.D. Ullman, The Design and Analysis of computer Algorithms Reading, MA Addison-Wesley, 1974.
[3]. ATSC Standard a/53(1995) "ATSC digital television standard", 1995.
[4]. P.J. Black and T.H.Meng, "A hardware efficient parallel Viterbi algorithm," in ICASSP , vol.2, pp. 893-896, 1990.
[5]. P.J. Black and T.H.Meng, " A 140-Mb/s, 32-state, radix-4 Viterbi decoder," IEEE journal of Solid-state Circuits, vol. 27, pp. 1877-1885, Dec. 1992...

Design of structures needs to cater to key requirements of safety and weight. To achieve these requirements, smooth flow of stresses and optimum factor of safety at all points in the structure are necessary. However, presence of cut outs becomes a necessary feature in the structures which obstruct the flow of stresses and there will be local concentration of stresses near the cut outs which needs to be estimated so that a safe and weight efficient design may be worked out. In this work, stress concentration factors (both elastic and plastic) near the elliptical cut outs of various standard geometries and for different material are computed using FEA and a comparison is made with analytical and semi-empirical methods available which demonstrates the behaviour of the structures with cut outs in the plastic regime. The ratio of nominal stress at failure to the ultimate strength of the material is calculated for the different plastic stress concentration factors for all the elliptical cut out configurations and a comparison is made between the theoretical and FEM results.

Elliptical cut out, plastic stress concentration factor.

[1]. Neuber H and J.W. Edwards, "Theory of notch stress: Principles for exact stress calculation", 1946.
[2]. Herbert Hadrath and Ohman, "A study of elastic and plastic stress concentration factors due to notches and fillets in flat plates".
[3]. Kuhn and Herbert Hadrath, "An engineering method for estimating notch size effect in fatigue tests on steel".
[4]. Dr K.N. Raju, "Methodology to check structural integrity at design ultimate load in SARAS", 2000.
[5]. Timoshenko, S.P., and Goodier, J. N, Theory of Elasticity, Third edition , Mcgraw Hill Book Company , 1970....

Wind energy conversion systems are now occupying important space in the research of renewable energy sources with microgrid. The main challenge in wind power generation is power quality problem and their connection with the distribution network in microgrid. The main factor behind poor power quality is the impact of harmonics in current and voltage in power network. In microgrid the converter and rectifier are using to convert AC-DC-AC to interconnection of wind power and load to microgrid. The converter and rectifier are producing the significant harmonics. In this paper presents a three-phase Active Power Conditioner to improve power quality in microgrids based on renewable energy. A microgrid is a weak electrical grid which can be easily subject to disturbances. The Active Power Conditioner (APC) presented in this paper acts as an interface between renewable energy sources and the AC bus of a microgrid and uses an improved control strategy, which makes possible to inject energy in the microgrid, compensate the current harmonics and correct the power factor. Simulation results show the validity of the innovative control strategy.

Active Power Conditioner, Microgrids, Renewable Energy, Current control, Harmonics.

[1]. Majid mumtaz, " Harmonic Domain modeling of wind based microgrid", university of Glasgow, 2012.
[2]. Dvorsky E, Hejtmankova P. Skorpil J. " Control of micro-grids with renewable power sources", IEEE, PES transmission and distribution conference and exposition, PP 1-4.2008.
[3]. Lasseter R.H. micrgrids In: IEEE power eng SOC transindistrib conf. pp 305-308,2002
[4]. Marnay c, Venkataramana G, microgrids in the evolving electrical generation and delivery infrastructure. In:IEEE power eng SOC gen meet: pp 18-22, 2006.
[5]. Pecas lopes J. A, moreira C.L. ,Madureira A.G., defining control strategies for microgrids islanded operation, IEEE trans power system. Pp 916-924, 2006....

Within the photovoltaic (PV) power-generation market, the ac PV module has shown obvious growth. However, a high voltage gain converter is essential for the module's grid connection through a dc–ac inverter. This paper proposes a converter that employs a floating active switch to isolate energy from the PV panel when the ac module is OFF; this particular design protects installers and users from electrical hazards. Without extreme duty ratios and the numerous turns-ratios of a coupled inductor, this converter achieves a high step-up voltage-conversion ratio; the leakage inductor energy of the coupled inductor is efficiently recycled to the load. These features explain the module's high-efficiency performance.

AC module, coupled inductor, high step-up voltage gain, single switch.

[1]. K. B. Park, G.W.Moon, andM. J. Youn, "Nonisolated high step-up boost converter integrated with sepic converter," vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2266–2275, Sep. 2010.
[2]. T. Umeno, K. Takahashi, F. Ueno, T. Inoue, and I. Oota, "A new approach to lowripple-noise switching converters on the basis of switched- capacitor converters," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., Jun. 1991, pp. 1077– 1080.
[3]. B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, "Transformerless dc–dc converters with a very high dc line-to-load voltage ratio," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst. (ISCAS), 2003, vol. 3, pp. 435–438.

[4]. Q. Zhao and F. C. Lee, "High-efficiency, high step-up dc–dc converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 65–73, Jan. 2003.
[5]. B. Axelrod, Y. Berkovich, and A. Ioinovici, "Switched-capacitor/ switched-inductor structures for getting transformerless hybrid dc–dc PWM converters," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, Reg. Papers, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 687–696, Mar. 2008....

In this paper we discuss the problem of finding the number of zeros of a polynomial in a given circle when the coefficients of the polynomial or their real or imaginary parts are restricted to certain conditions. Our results in this direction generalize some well- known results in the theory of the distribution of zeros of polynomials. Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10, 30C15.

Coefficient, Polynomial, Zero.

[1]. L.V.Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3rd edition, Mc-Grawhill
[2]. K. K. Dewan, Extremal Properties and Coefficient estimates for Polynomials with restricted Zeros and on location of Zeros of Polynomials, Ph.D. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 1980.
[3]. N. K. Govil and Q. I. Rahman, On the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J. 20(1968),126- 136. [4]. M. H. Gulzar, On the Zeros of a Polynomial inside the Unit Disk, IOSR Journal of Engineering, Vol.3, Issue 1(Jan.2013) IIV3II, 50-59.
[5]. M. H. Gulzar, On the Number of Zeros of a Polynomial in a Prescribed Region Research Journal of Pure Algebra-2(2), 2012, 35-49....

Shale gas, an unconventional natural gas with considerable reserve, distributes worldwide and the proportion accounting for the natural gas production is increasing in recent years. However, the structure of shale gas reservoir is complex, most of which is of low porosity and low permeability, mainly showing that the production is low in the conventional well test in the development process. Just as the shale gas has special geological characteristic, the development technology on the conventional reservoir is obviously unable to suit the efficient development. The research and development of shale gas in our country is in the exploratory stage. Many basins in China have geological conditions of shale gas accumulation, which has good exploration and development prospects. This paper summarizes the distribution of shale gas resources, shale gas accumulation and the basic characteristics of the reservoir and advanced technology and successful experience in shale gas at home and abroad. The exploration and development technology of shale gas at home and abroad were introduced in detail, mainly including reservoir evaluation technology (logging and coring), horizontal well stimulation and fracturing stimulation technology. At last, aiming at China's actual conditions, this paper analyzes the main problems existing in the research and development of the shale gas in China, makes suggestions to the development of shale gas and points out the current trend of shale gas development technology.

shale gas; reservoir evaluation; horizontal well technology; hydraulic fracturing technology.

[1]. Li Wuguang，Yang Shenglai，Yin Dandan．Shale gas development technology and strategy review [J]．Natural Gas and Oil,，2011，29(1)：34~37
[2]. Zhang Jinchuan，Jin Zhijun，Yuan Mingsheng．Shale gas accumulation mechanism and distribution [J]．Natural Gas Industry，2004，24(7)：15~18
[3]. Cui Qing，Gao Jinlong．World's shale gas exploration and development technology and exploration prospects [J]．Inner Mongolia Petrochemical Industry,，2011(17)：122~124.
[4]. Pat Roche．Most Shale Gas Growth To 2015 Will Come From U.S. And Canada：Report. Daily Oil Bulletin．2011-02-14.
[5]. C.D. Rokosh，J. G. Pawlowicz，H. Berhane，S. D. A. Anderson and A. P. Beaton．What is ShaleGas？An Introduction to Shale-Gas Geology in Alberta．ERCB/AGS Open File Report：2008-08...

It is known that the waste sugarcane is one of most significant solid waste generated by sugarcane agribusiness, due to the quantity generated. In order to identify which treatments of waste, for use in animal
diets, existing was performed a bibliographic review of scientific papers. Relevant information has been brought into the possibility of reducing costs for sugarcane mills and consequently reducing the environmental impact with the processing of waste in a byproduct. It can be noticed there is great potential of works and research focused on the sugarcane waste.

Waste. Sugarcane. Lignin. Cellulose.

[1]. Balieiro Neto, G.; Siqueira, G. R.; Reis, R. A.; Nogueira, J. R.; Roth, M. T. P.; Roth, A. P. T. P. Óxido De Cálcio Como Aditivo Na Ensilagem De Cana-De-Açúcar. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, V. 36, N. 5, P. 1231-1239, 2007.
[2]. Bulle, M. L. M.; Ribeiro, F. G.; Leme, P. R. Uso Do Bagaço De Cana-De-Açúcar Como Único Volumoso Em Dietas De Alto Teor De Concentrado. 1. Desempenho. In: Reunião Anual Da Sociedade Brasileira De Zootecnia, 36., 1999, Porto Alegre. Anais... Porto Alegre: Sociedade Brasileira De Zootecnia, 1999.
[3]. Bulle, M. L. M.; Ribeiro, F. G.; Leme, P. R.; Titto, E. A. L.; Lanna, D. P. D. Desempenho De Tourinhos Cruzados Em Dietas De Alto Teor De Concentrado Com Bagaço De Cana-De-Açúcar Como Único Volumoso. Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia, V. 31, N. 1, P. 444-450, 2002 (Suplemento).
[4]. Cândido, M. J. D.; Neiva, J. N. M. N.; Pimentel, J. C. M. P.; Vasconselos, V. R.; Sampaio, E. M.; Neto, J. M. Avaliação Do Valor Nutritivo Do Bagaço De Cana-De-Açúcar Amonizado Com Uréia. Revista Brasileira Dezzootecnia, V. 28, N. 5, P. 928-935, 1999.
[5]. Carvalho, G. G. P.; Pires, A. J. V.; Veloso, C. M.; Magalhães, A. F.; Freire, M. A. L.; Silva, F. F.; Silva, R. R.; Carvalho, B. M. A. Valor Nutritivo Do Bagaço De Cana-De-Açúcar Amonizado Com Quatro Doses De Uréia. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, V.41, N.1, P.125-132, 2006....

While peer-to-peer networks are mainly used to locate unique resources across the Internet, new interesting deployment scenarios are emerging. Particularly, some applica- tions (e.g., VoIP) are proposing the creation of overlays for the localization of services based on equivalent servants (e.g., voice relays). This paper xplores the possible overlay architectures that can be adopted to provide such services, showing how an nstructured solution based on a scale-free overlay topology is an effective option to deploy in this context. Consequently, we propose EQUATOR (EQUivalent servAnt locaTOR), an un- structured overlay mplementing the above mentioned operating principles, based on an overlay construction algorithm that well approximates an ideal scale-free construction model. We present both analytical and simulation results which support our overlay topology selection and validate the proposed architecture.

Distributed services, equivalent servants, peer- to-peer overlays, scale-free topology.

[1]. V. Valancius, N. Laoutaris, L. Massoulie, C. Diot, and P. Rodriguez, ―Greening the internet with nano data centers,‖ in Proc. ACM CoNEXT, 2009.
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[3]. ―Skype: Free internet telephony that just works.‖ [Online]. Available: http://www.skype.com
[4]. P. Bettner and M. Terrano, ―1500 archers on a 28.8: Network program- ming in age of empires and beyond,‖ in Proc. Game Develop. Conf., 2001.
[5]. S. Pichai and L. Upson, ―Introducing the google chrome os,‖ 2009. [Online]. Available: http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/ introducing- google- chrome- os.html...