The positivism paradigm refers to the context of objectivity to describe a reality that which exists. The society handles formal from the era of the Greeks and physics scientific and philosophical knowledge as scientific discipline is relatively short.

positivism, post positivism, epistemology, transdisciplinary.

[1]. Koen, B. (2009). The engineering method and its implications for Scientific's, philosophical, and universal methods. The Monist
[2]. Callaos, N. (2010). The Essence of Engineering and meta-Engineering; a Work in progress. http://www.iiis.org:80/Nagib-Callaos/Engineering-andMeta-Engineering/
[3]. Espina, M. (2007). Complejidad, transdisciplina y metodología de la investigación social. Utopía y praxis latinoamericana, vol. 12 (38): 29-43
[4]. Figueroa, I. (2008). Conocimiento, universidad y complejidad: Bosquejos epistémicos y metodológicos para una vinculación transdisciplinaria. Estudios Pedagógicos. XXXIV, Nº2:227-243. Chile.
[5]. Gorodokin, I. (2000). La formación docente y su relación con la epistemología. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación. (ISSN: 1681-5653)....

When composites are employed as structural materials, joining of composites to other materials is necessary because manufacturing structures with composites only is not generally feasible, Clamping force is a key element that alters the mechanism and sequence of failure in bolted joints of composite laminates this failure in bolted joints can be controlled by geometrical parameters To increase the efficiency of whole structures with the composite bolted joints, the laminate with stacking sequence. Hence this bolted may be analysis to tensile increase the behaviour and strength of bolted joints.& can be understood a good comprehension of the local behaviour of the fasteners and surrounding composite is needed this can be done by using experiments.

Study on Analysis of Bolted Joint in Composite Laminates: Review Paper.

[1]. Crews JH, Hong CS, Raju IS. Stress-concentration factors for finite orthotropic laminates with a pinloaded
hole. NASA Technical Paper 1862; 1981. p. 44.
[2]. Gordon Kelly, Stefan Hallstro¨m March 2003 Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, Kungl Tekniska Ho¨gskolan, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden,
[3]. S Eui-Sup Shina,*, Seung-Jo Kimb Finite element analysis of pin-loaded composite laminates by connecting independently modeled subdomains, aDepartment of Aeronautics and Space Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
[4]. K.I. Tserpesa, G. Labeasb, P. Papanikosb, Th. Kermanidisa Nov.2011, "Strength prediction of bolted joints in graphite/epoxy composite laminates" Laboratory of Technology and Strength of Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras 26 500, Greece.

[5]. P.J. Gray, C.T. McCarthy,in February 2012, Materials and Surface Science Institute, Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of Limerick, Ireland, "An analytical model for the prediction of through-thickness stiffness in tension-loaded composite bolted joints".....

In this report, we analytically predict and examine temperatures in tool-chip interface used in high speed orthogonal machining operations. Specifically, three different analysis was compared to an experimental measurement of temperature in a machining process at slow speed, medium speed and at high speed. In addition, three analyses were done of a High Speed Steel and also of a Carbide Tip Tool machining process at three different cutting speeds, in order to compare to experimental results produced as part of this study. An investigation of heat generation in cutting tool was performed by varying cutting parameters at the suitable cutting tool geometry and results were saved in computer; then the graph's of tool-chip interface temperature vs. various cutting parameters were obtained. the experimental results reveal that the main factors of the increasing cutting temperature are cutting speed (V), feed rate (S),and depth of cut (h), respectively. It was also determined that simultaneously change in cutting speed and federate has the maximum effect on increasing cutting temperature. Much research has been undertaken into measuring the temperatures generated during cutting operations. Investigators have attempted to measure these cutting temperatures with various techniques used to evaluate the temperature during machining.

Single Point Cutting Tool (HSS) tool and Carbide tip tool (P - 30), Computer Aided Design (CAD), Centre lathe, Fluke 62 max IR thermometer (Range -40 0C to 650 0C ), Finite Element Analysis, Solid Modeling.

[1]. Lowen E.G. and Shaw M.C, on the analysis of cutting tool temperatures, Transactions of the ASME, 001.76 pp-217-231,(1954)
[2]. D.A. Stephenson, Tool –work thermocouple temperature measurements: theory and implementation issues, Proceedings of winter Annual meeting of ASME, Anaheim CA.November (1992), pp-18-95.,
[3]. EI Wardany, T.I Mohammed, E, Elbestawi, M.A., Cutting temperature of ceramic tools in high speed machining of difficult to cut materials. Int.J.Mech Tools,Manuf. (1996), 36(5), 611-634.
[4]. L.B.ABHANG* and M. HAMEEDULLAHDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India "Chip-Tool Interface Temperature Prediction Model for Turning Process" 2010.
[5]. S.K Choudhary, G.Bartarya, Role of temperature and surface finish in predicting tool wear using neural
network and design of experiments.Int. J.of machine tools and manufacture,43, (2003), 747-753.....

Three new bridgeless single-phase ac–dc power factor correction (PFC) rectifiers based on Cuk topology are
proposed. The proposed topologies are designed to work in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) to achieve almost a unity power factor and low total harmonic distortion of the Input current. The DCM operation gives additional advantages such as zero-current turn-ON in the power switches, zero-current turn-OFF in the output diode, and simple control circuitry. proposed topology is worked on discrete d.c machine .To show the performance between resistance load and discrete d.c machine.

Bridgeless rectifier, Cuk converter, low conduction losses, power factor correction (PFC), rectifier, singleended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) converter, total harmonic distortion (THD).

[1]. W. Choi, J.Kwon, E. Kim, J. Lee, and B.Kwon, "Bridgeless boost rectifier with lowconduction losses and reduced diode reverse-recovery problems," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 769–780, Apr. 2007.
[2]. G. Moschopoulos and P. Kain, "A novel single-phase soft-switched rectifier with unity power factor and minimal component count," IEEE Trans.Ind. Electron., vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 566–575, Jun. 2004.
[3]. R.-L. Lin and H.-M. Shih, "Piezoelectric transformer based current-source charge-pump power-factor-correction electronic ballast," IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1391–1400, May 2008.
[4]. S. Dwari and L. Parsa, "An efficient AC–DC step-up converter for lowvoltage energy harvesting," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2188–2199, Aug. 2010.
[5]. Y. Jang and M. Jovanovic, "A bridgeless PFC boost rectifier with optimized magnetic utilization," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 85–93, Jan. 2009....

15-5 PH (Fe-Cr-Ni) is a precipitation hardening, martensitic stainless steel. The alloy has good strength, transverse toughness and ductility, hardness capability and corrosion resistance compared with 304 stainless. It may be used in the solution treated condition or heat treated to obtain a wide variety of properties.15-5 PH stainless steel is used in applications requiring high strength and toughness in all directions. It is mainly used in aircraft components and actuator parts for modern fighter aircrafts. The main aim of this project is to study the effect of precipitation hardening on micro structural characteristics of 15-5 PH stainless steel. A round specimen of 15-5 PH with 10mm diameter & 100mm length is selected. Chemical analysis is done using optical emission spectrometer. Specimen is cut into small specimens with dimensions 10mm diameter & 10mm thickness using abrasive cutting technique. Precipitation hardening is done for each sample at different temperatures as per AMS 2759 standards. Hardness of solution annealed and precipitation hardened samples is determined by using Rockwell hardness tester. Microstructures were observed by using Metallurgical microscope under the magnification of 100X.

Effect of Precipitation Hardening on Microstructural Characteristics of 15-5 Ph Steel.

[1]. Military HandBook, MIL-HDBK-6875 1993 Military specification, heat treatment of steel raw materials
[2]. Military Standard, MIL-STD-163 1988 Military standard steel mill products, prepared for shipment and storage
[3]. Product Data Sheet of 15–5 PH 2007 Stainless Steel, West Chester, Ohio: AK Steel Corporation

[4]. Type Approval Document for 15–5 2004 Precipitation hardening stainless steel, Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited
[5]. Type Test Schedule for 15–5 PH 2001 For forged and hot rolled bars, RCMA (M)/76....

The behavior factor K recommended by the Moroccan seismic code (RPS2000) is the main subject of this work to evaluate the elastic force and its use in the procedure for seismic design of portal structures. In fact, the current formulation of the behavior factor k under RPS2000 totally neglects the resistance, the redundancy as well as the second-order dynamic P- effect of the portal structures; this led us to proceed to the comparison of the behavior factor K with other universal formulations. This work has therefore for goal to
improve the security reserve of portal systems for different cases of sites. The results clearly show that the behavior factor as presented in RPS2000 is far to be able to guarantee the required security. Our suggestion is to introduce the behavior factor K in a new format ( S R K = R C.R .R .) to provide a better estimation of the shear force and therefore a better earthquake-resistant protection.

behavior factor, ductility, portal structure, relative displacement, resistance, RPS2000, seismic performance.

[1]. RPS2000 (22 Février 2002) Règlement de construction parasismique applicable aux bâtiments fixant les règles parasismiques et instituant le Comité national du génie parasismique (B.O. n° 4988 du 21 mars 2002), Décret n° 2-02-177 du 9 hija 1422
[2]. RPS2000-version 2011: http://www.sgg.gov.ma/projet_decret_2-12-682_Fr.pdf

[3]. FEMA. NEHRP (1997) Recommended provisions (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program) for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures, Federal Emergency Management Agency Report, FEMA 302, Washington, D.C.
[4]. ATC (1995) Structural Response Modification Factors, ATC-19 Report, Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, California
[5]. SEAOC (1999) Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary, Structural Engineers Association of California, San Francisco, CA....

In this paper, the preliminary concept about wave gravity can be expressed by the description of wave metric tensor is reported. This new metric (wave metric) can deduce gravitational field by the way of wave existence in nature.

Wave Relativity, Euclidean and Riemannian Metric, Metric Tensor, Matrix and Determinant, Wave Gravity.

[1]. U.Dolai, An Introductory Comment on Wave Relativity, International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), vol.3, Issue. 5, PP-3041-3041 (Sep-Oct. 2013).
[2]. H.A. Lorentz et al., The Principle of Relativity, trans. W. Perrett and G.B. Jeffery (Methuen, 1923; Dover rpt., 1952).

The combined concept of image processing [9] and neural network [3] [4] can be used in many applications like security system, medical imaging system, forensic identification system, biometric identification system and human computer interaction system (HCI) etc. Face recognition [4] [6] [7] [8] is a common approach used in security system, forensic identification system and biometric identification system. In this paper we will show how the concept of face recognition can be used to recognize the facial expression of a person. Here we use some image processing techniques like 2D-DCT [2] to compress the digital images and some preprocessing techniques to enhance the performance and then we use the concept of neural network like SOM (Self Organizing Map) [3]-[8] to recognize the facial expression efficiently. Here we use an image database consisting a number of faces of each expression to make a face space. For example, we use 10 sets of smiley faces (same person or different persons) to make a smiley face space. Now if a given image has to be recognized, the SOM will detect in which class it belongs to. The accuracy of our approach is depends on the number of epochs used in the SOM and the number of training face images.

Face detection, face recognition, facial expression recognition, 2D- DCT, Self Organizing Map (SOM).

[1]. Farah Azirar, "Facial Expression Recognition‟, Bachelor Thesis, School of Electronics and Physical Sciences, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Surrey, 2004.
[2]. Andrew B. Watson. Image Compression using the Discrete Cosine Transform. NASA Ames Research Center, Florida, United States of America. Mathematica Journal, 4(1), 1994. p. 81-88.

[3]. L. Franco and A. Treves. A Neural Network Face Expression Recognition System using Unsupervised Local Processing. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA 01), Croatia, pp. 628-632, June 2001.
[4]. Yuan Fan, 2002. Face Recognition System based on Self-Organizing Maps and Multilayer Perception Networks. Class Project. Engineering Faculty, Michigan State University.
[5]. Abdallah S. Abdallah, A. Lynn Abbott, and Mohamad Abou El-Nasr, "A New Face Detection Technique using 2D DCT and Self Organizing Feature Map", Proceedings Of World Academy Of Science, Engineering And Technology Volume 21 May 2007....