Prevention of saline water intrusion, increase in ground water table, increase in agricultural production, improved transportation and communication facilities are the main objectives of regulator cum bridges. Eventhough Regulator cum Bridges has number of positive impacts, it has got number of negative impacts also, especially on the upstream side of it. The study was undertaken for analyzing the impact of Regulator cum Bridges at Koottayi in Malappuram District (Kerala, India) with the specific objectives of determining the impact on water quality, agriculture and transportation. The results of the study reveal that Koottayi regulator cum bridge has got many positive impacts including prevention of salt water intrusion and increased fresh water availability. At the same time it adversely affects the quality of water due to the restriction of natural flushing action of the river. It creates stagnant layers of water and also accumulates pollutants in the upstream side of Regulator cum Bridges. Due to this amount of dissolved oxygen in river water gets reduced. This intrusion adversely affects the aquatic ecosystem.....

[1]. Arnold, S.L., John, W. D., James, S., Schepers, B. J., Wienhold, D., Brigid, A. and Gomes, S. (2005). Portable Probes to Measure Electrical Conductivity and Soil Quality in the Field [Book online]. Available: Lincoln:http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub.[30 Oct 2003].
[2]. Islam, M., Fakrul, T. and Higano, R. (2002). Attainment of Economic Benefit through Optimal Sharing of International River Water: A Case Study of the Teesta River. Indian J. Regional Sci. 34(2): 1-3.

[3]. Law, I.N. (2001). Effects of Sungai Sarawak Barrage operation on its water quality. MSc (Land use and Environ. Mgmt) Thesis, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, 123 p.
[4]. Law, P.L., Law, I.N., Lau, S. and Chong, S.C.G. (2002). Sarawak Barrage operation: Effects on DO, BOD and COD. Int. J. sci. and technol. 12(4): 361-371.
[5]. Margeret, H. and. John, W. (1992). The ecological impact of estuarine barrages. In: Allen, G. (ed.), Effect on plankton and water quality. Field studies council, Great Britain,pp.14-15.
[6]. Mohan, S. and Keskar, J. B. (1991). Optimization of multi-purpose reservoir system operation. Wat Resour. Bull. 27(4): 621-629....

As the degree of global oil and gas exploration and development to continuously improve, the oil-gas reserves of the porosity of the convention is dwindling, and the difficulty of development is growing too, so studying the fractured reservoir is becoming more and more important. That predicting and evaluating fracture zone accurately plays a very important role in comprehending the fractured oil and gas reservoirs. Based on a large number of literature survey, this paper studied the research status of china and other countries, analysised some methods of prediction and identification of the fractured reservoir now, and maked a summary,gived some suggestions also.

Oil-gas exploration the fractured reservoir prediction and identification.

[1]. He Yudan, Wei Chunguang. Challenge and development evaluation of fracture type reservoir. Progress in Geophysics , 2007, 22(2) : 537~543.
[2]. Pu Jing, Qin Qirong. Summary of forecasting methods of oil and gas reservoir fracture. Special oil and gas reservoirs, 2008,3(15):9~14.
[3]. Zhou Xingui,Zhang Linyan, Fan Kun. The status and progress of predicting fracture in low permeability reservoir in oil and gas basin [J]. Geological review, 2006, 52(6) : 777~782.

[4]. Su Peidong, Qin Qirong, Huang Runqiu. The status and Prospect of predicting the reservoir fracture. Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute. 2005,5（27）:14~17.
[5]. Song Yongdong, Dai Junsheng. Study on prediction of reservoir fractures. Petroleum Geology and recovery rate,2007,6(14):9~14.....

In Present days we are accidentally deleted some data, photos and videos on mobile phone. It is gone, and you cannot just retrieve it. The only recover the problem is to restore your data from the back up or installed Mobile data recovery software. In our paper talk about recycle bin used in mobile phones .we can easily retrieve the deleted data from our phones. The Recycle bin is a Virtual trash can where all your deleted files and folders are tossed into. Recycle bin gives your files a layer of Protection from complete deletion. Recycle bin temporarily stored the deleted data in mobile phones. Recycle bin easily used for Retrieve the deleted data from mobile phones.

Mobile Applications, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Secure Digital Cards.

[1]. http://www.cardrecovery.com/photo-recovery/recover photos from phone.asp
[2]. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.tendmicro.backpandrestore&hl=en
[3]. http://www.yodot.com/phot-recovery/from-mobile-phone.hmtl
[4]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclingbin.

In this paper, the investigation is carried-out in hydrological daily discharge time series of the Panchratna station in the Brahmaputra River, in India. The values of discharge of 5 years have been taken. Statistical parameters (mean, max, average, range and standard deviation) of the data are calculated and standardized using z-score method. For this work, agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) and K-Means clustering of Time Series Data Mining (TSDM) technique have been used. By using these clustering techniques discharge patterns for the next year have been predicted. At first, patterns for every year (all 5 years, taken) have been generated and after that by using both clustering techniques discharge patterns for the next year have been predicted and a comparative analysis has been done between both the techniques.The coefficient of determination (R2) is used as the criteria to evaluate the adequacy of the result. For this work, only monsoon duration (june-sep) has been taken for the prediction of discharge pattern. By predicting discharge patterns, flood forecasting can be done more easily and accurately and a big loss of life and property can be saved.

Data-mining, Discharge, Prediction System, Hydrological Process, Clustering Techniques.

[1]. Han, J.W., and Kamber, M., Data Mining Concept and techniques, Morgan Kaufman: San Fransciko, CA, Issue 7, pp. 78-90, 2001.
[2]. Aiyun, L., and Jiahai, L.,"Forecasting monthly runoff using wavelet neural network model, International conference on Mechatronic Science‟, Electronic Engineering and Computer, IEEE, 978-1-61284-722-1, 2011.
[3]. Feng, L.H., Zhang, J.Z., "Application of ANN in Forecast of surface runoff, Networked Computing (INC)‟, 2010 6th International Conference on, E-ISBN: 978-89-88678-20-6, pp.1-3, 2010.
[4]. Kadir, A. Peker, "Subsequence Time Series (STS) Clustering Techniques for Meaningful Pattern Discovery‟, KIMAS Waltham, MA, USA, IEEE,0-7803-9013,pp.78-90, 2005.
[5]. Li, C., and Yuan, X., "Research and Application of Data Mining for Runoff Forecasting, Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA)‟, Volume:1, pp. 795-798, 2008.

A microcontroller based technique of generating a sine wave from the solar panel output is designed and implemented in this paper using a two-stage topology for a solar string inverter. This paper presents the development of a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and control circuit for a single phase inverter using a pulse width modulation (PWM) IC. The attractiveness of this configuration is the elimination of a complex circuitry to generate oscillation pulses for transistor switches. The controller IC TL494 is able to generate the necessary waveforms to control the frequency of inverter through proper use of switching pulse. The DC to AC inversion is successfully achieved alongside the switching signals; the circuit produced inverter output of frequency nearly 50 Hz. The main objective of the proposed technique is to design a low cost, low harmonics voltage source inverter essentially focused upon low power electronic appliances using variable solar power as inputs.

AC solar panels, DC-AC converters, MPPT charge controllers, PWM inverters, solar string inverters.

[1]. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India, Solar Lighting Systems Module, Trainers Textbook.

[2]. Dr. B.D.Sharma, Performance Of Solar Power Plants In India- Submitted To Central Electricity Regulatory Commission New Delhi-February, 2011.
[3]. Deepak Kumar, Solar India and JNNSM, 1st November 2010.

[4]. International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, 'Utility Scale Solar Power Plants', New Delhi (India), February 2012.
[5]. Fritz Schimpf, Lars E. Norum- Grid connected Converters for Photovoltaic, State of the Art, Ideas for Improvement of Transformerless Inverters- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU Department of Electrical Power Engineering.....

The electrical resistivity method is being employed for hydro geophysical investigation of groundwater. Wenner configuration of electrode arrangement with vertical electrical sounding (VES) is mostly practiced. IGIS signal stacking resistivity meter model SSR-MP-ATS was used to obtain the pattern of aquifer distribution in selected laterritic terrain and to delineate possible sites for locating aquifers. The inverse of the resistance measured 1/R was plotted against Wenner electrode separation on a linear graph. Even thin layers at deeper layers could be detected.

Aquifer, Groundwater, Electrical resistivity survey, Wenner electrode configuration, Vertical electrical sounding (VES), Inverse slope curve.

[1]. Ashvin Kumar Meena. 2011. Exploration of ground water using electrical resistivity method. B.Tech(civil), National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa,769008.
[2]. Naveen Kumar. 2010. Exploration of ground water using electrical resistivity method. B.Tech(civil) thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa -769 008.
[3]. Priti Ranjan Sahoo. 2009. Project report on groundwater exploration. B.Tech(civil) thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa -769 008.
[4]. Fadele, S.I., Jatau, B.S.,Baba, A. and Adegoke, I. 2013. Subsurface electrical resistivity investigation at The Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State,Nigeria. Int. J. Engineering Research and Development. 5 (10): 19-26.

The failure analysis is a special field of study for mechanical engineers. Many studies have been carried out on the automotive failure analysis. Camshafts made of grey cast iron a is a shaft having some semi-oval protrusions which are designed to control the open and close intervals of the inlet and exhaust poppet valves in the gasoline and diesel engines. Rotation of the cam causes its profile to slide against the smooth flat closed end of a cylindrical member known as a follower. The cam profile has a follower lift or valve opening side and a corresponding follower fall or valve closing side. Microstructural observation revealed an intergranular network of carbides and intergranular micro cracks present in the carburized layer and a banded structure consisting of ferrite and pearlite in the core. Literature study shows that the failure is occurred as a sudden fracture at very close to journal location, where there is a stress concentration. As a result of the analyses, the main reason of the fracture is determined as a casting defect. As the failure was related to a material production problem it is likely to affect more than one vehicle. The stress analysis of the camshaft is carried out for the determination of the stress concentration level at the fracture region by the finite element method. Von Misses stress distribution (MPa) on the camshaft at the most critical loading condition. The highest stress concentration occurs at the cracked location. The SIFs at the crack tip (node 958) are KI = 23.71 MPa √mm.

Camshaft, Failure analysis, Fracture, Linear elastic fracture mechanics, Stress concentration, SIF

[1]. G.Wang, D.Taylor, B.Bouquin, J.Devlukia, A.Ciepalowicz, Prediction of fatigue failure in a camshaft using the crack modeling method: Engineering Failure Analysis (2000) 189-197.
[2]. David Roylance, Department of materials science and engineering, Introduction to fracture mechanics, June 14,2001.
[3]. H. Bayrakceken, I. Ucun, S. Tasgetiren Fracture analysis of a camshaft made from nodular cast iron: Engineering Failure Analysis (2006) 1240-1245.
[4]. Zhi-wei Yu. Xiao-lei Xu, Failure Analysis on Fractured Diesel Engine Camshafts: Engineering Failure Analysis (2009) 39-42.
[5]. Zhi-wei Yu. Xiao-lei Xu, Analysis of a Cracked Diesel Engine Camshaft: Engineering Failure Analysis (2012) 438-442.

Image acquisition techniques introduce various types of artifacts and noise such as additive white gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise etc, so image denoising is an essential preprocessing step in digital image processing. It is clear from the background study of denoising, conventional methods are not much effective in reducing the noise in the image. In this work, a novel approach which integrates the concept of guided image filter and coefficient thresholding for the removal of different types of noise. Guided image filter is a spatial domain method and coefficient thresholding is a wavelet domain method. Guided image filter has no gradient distortion and has better performance near the edges. Inorder to enhance the output of the guided image filter, wavelet based edge detection is performed. The output obtained by wavelet based edge detection has better visual quality than the one obtained by conventional edge detectors. Also variance of the image has been calculated and smooth and texture regions are separated for coefficient thresholding. Threshold values are calculated and coefficient thresholding is performed. The tool used for this denoising algorithm is MATLAB R2012b. The denoised output obtained by this method has high peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR). By this proposed method, it is possible to get a denoised image which can be used for different applications such as haze removal, feathering etc.

Coefficient thresholding, guided image filter,image denoising, peak signal to noise ratio, wavelet based edge detection.

[1]. M.Vijay, L.Saranya Devi and M,santhanamari "Image Denoising Based On Adaptive Spatial andWavelet Thresholding Methods" IEEE international conference on advances in Engineering and Management (ICAESM-2012) March 30,31 2012.
[2]. S.Grace Chang and Martin Vetterli " Spatial Adaptive Wavelet Thresholding for Image Denoising".
[3]. Aleksandra Pizurica and Wilfried Philips "Estimating probability of presence of a signal of interest in multiresolution single- and multiband image denoising" Submitted for publication to IEEE Transaction on image processing, May 5,2004.
[4]. Amandeep kaur and Rakesh Singh " Wavelets for Edge Detection in Noisy Images" , National Conference on Computational Instrumentation CSIO Chandigrah, INDIA, 19-20 March 2010.
[5]. D.Sripathi "Discrete Wavelet Transform" , 2003

Permanent magnet synchronous motors are mostly used in low and high power and variable speed applications. Major disadvantage of PMSM is that the motor exhibits torque pulsations due to many factors from motor and drive. This paper proposes a modified iterative learning controller to reduce the pulsations in torque of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Modified ILC has memory to store previous control actions and previous error. Proposed ILC scheme consists of previous and current loop gain in order to minimize the torque oscillations. Previous control actions are stored and used to reduce the steady state periodic torque pulsations. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to reduce the harmonic noise in motor current which in turn improves performance of drive. Torque error is calculated and the iqs ref current gets altered accordingly to minimize torque variations. The simulation of the PMSM drive with field oriented control and proposed controller is done using MATLAB 2009b. The results obtained shows better reduction of torque pulsation and improved performance over conventional methods.

PMSM, Torque Pulsation, Modified Iterative Learning Control (ILC), Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM), Field oriented control (FOC).

[1]. Jian-Xin Xu, S. K. Panda, Ya-Jun Pan, Tong Heng Lee,and B. H. Lam, 2004, "A Modular Control Scheme for PMSM Speed Control With Pulsating Torque Minimization", IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 51, no. 3.
[2]. Kayhan Gulez , Ali Ahmed Adam and Halit Pastaci, 2008, "Torque Ripple and EMI Noise Minimization in PMSM Using Active Filter Topology and Field-Oriented Control", IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 55, no. 1.

[3]. B. H. Lam, S. K. Panda and X. Xu,1999, "Torque Ripple Minimization in PM Synchronous Motors - An Iterative Learning Control Approach", IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems.
[4]. Paolo Mattavelli, Luca Tubiana and Mauro Zigliotto,2005, " Torque-Ripple reduction in PM synchronous Motor Drives Using Repetitive Current Control", IEEE transactions on power electronics, vol. 20, no. 6.
[5]. Qian W, Panda S.K and Xu J.X2005, "Speed Ripple Minimization in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Iterative Learning Control", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol.20, no.1, pp.53-61