Integration of renewable energy based distributed generation (DG) units provides potential benefits to the conventional distribution systems. DG sources are becoming more prominent due the incremental demands of electrical energy. Location and capacities of DG sources have profoundly impact on the system losses in the distribution network. In this paper, Sensitivity Analysis is used for determining the location of DG and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used as the optimization technique for determining the size of DG in the distribution networks in order to reduce the real power losses of the system. To include the presence of harmonics, PSO was integrated with a harmonic power flow algorithm (HPF). The proposed PSOHPF based approach is implemented on standard IEEE 15 bus test system to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

[1]. Ipakchi and F. Albuyeh. Grid of the future. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. 2009, 7 (2): 52-62.
[2]. Thomas Ackermann, GÖran Andersson and Lennart SÖder, "Distributed generation: a definition," Electric Power Systems Research 57, pp195-204, 2001.
[3]. W.El-Khattam , M.M.A.Salama, "Distributed generation technologies, definitions and benefits," Electric Power Systems Research 71, pp119-128, 2004.
[4]. Naresh Acharya, Pukar Mahat, N. Mithulanathan, "An analytical approach for DG allocation in primary distribution network", Electric Power and Energy Systems, vol. 28, pp. 669-678, 2006
[5]. J.H.R. Enslin, P.J.M. Heskes., "Harmonic interaction between a large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution network," IEEE transaction on power electronics, Vol. 19, pp. 1586-1593, 2004....

This paper explains the design of a standalone Solar/ Fuel cell/ Battery hybrid power system which involves the design of individual systems along with the power management circuit. The variation of solar insolation according to the time and the Maximum Power Point Tracking's (MPPT) Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is considered in the design of solar system. Similarly, the control of fuel flow rate according to the load and a DC- DC converter is considered in the design of the fuel cell system. A battery charger is designed to protect the battery from the over and under charging from source and load respectively. All these power sources are controlled by the power management circuit, controlling the relays of each subsystem according to the load demand.

DC-DC converter, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), P&O algorithm, power management circuit, Relay, load demand.

[1] Caisheng Wang and M. Hashem Nehrir "Power Management of a Stand-Alone Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System" Senior Member, IEEE.
[2] Hamid khan, Gulzar Ahmed& SikandarKhan "Smart energy management system for domestic applications in Pakistan" International Journal of Power System Operation and Energy Management ISSN (PRINT): 2231 – 4407, Volume-2, Issue-3, 4.
[3] A. Dolara, R. faranda, S.leva " Energy Comparison of Seven MPPT Techniques for PV Systems"J. Electromagnetic Analysis & Applications, 2009, 3: 152-162.
[4] Udayan Umapathi and Gautam Das G, Cypress Semiconductor "Simple Techniques to Improve Solar Panel Efficiency using a Microcontroller or SoC". Design Articles.
[5] Bikram Das "New perturb and observe MPPT algorithm and its validation using data from PV module" International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, July 2012. ©IJAET ISSN: 2231-1963.....

Ce travail présente le développement d'un modèle de réseau de neurones artificiel (RNA) de type Perceptron Multi-Couches (PMC) pour la prédiction du taux d‟humidité de la zone de Chefchaouen. Notre objectif c‟est traiter une série chronologique des données mesurées entre les années 2008 et 2013 pour évaluer la réponse du réseau. Cette série est constituée d‟un certain nombre de paramètres météorologiques telles que le taux d‟humidité, la température de l‟air, la température de rosée, la pression atmosphérique, la visibilité, la nébulosité, la vitesse du vent et la précipitation. Pour déterminer l‟architecture du réseau à utiliser, nous avons varié le nombre des couches cachées, le nombre de neurones dans la couche cachée, les fonctions de transfert et les couples de fonctions de transfert ainsi que les algorithmes d‟apprentissage. Plusieurs critères statistiques comme l‟erreur quadratique moyenne (MSE) et le coefficient de corrélation (R), ont été étudiés pour l‟évaluation des modèles développés. Les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec un réseau d‟architecture [7-5-1], les fonctions d‟activations (Tansig-Purelin) et un algorithme d‟apprentissage de Levenberg-Marquardt.

Réseau de neurones artificiel, Perceptron Multi-Couche, Prédiction, Algorithme d‟Apprentissage, Humidité.

[1]. S. Abdelli, K. Nouira, A. Trabelsi, « Prévision du NO2 en utilisant la méthode du réseau de neurones », Business and Economic Statistics Modeling Laboratory Institut Supérieur de Gestion de Tunis, 129- 140p, 2012.
[2]. E. Fock, P. Lauret, T. Mara et H. Boyer, « Modélisation hybride pour la simulation thermique du bâtiment », Congrès français de Thermique, SFT 2000, Lyon, 15-17 mai, 2000.
[3]. A. Abdallaoui, « Le phosphore et les métaux lourds contenus dans les sédiments. Leur influence sur les phénomènes d‟eutrophisation et de pollution», Editions Universitaires Européennes, 348 p. 2013.
[4]. H. El Badaoui, A. Abdallaoui, I. Manssouri et H. Ousmana, "The prediction of moisture through the use of neural networks MLP type , "IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering Vol. 11, 66-74p, 2013.
[5]. H. Vassiliki Mantzari, H. Dimitrios Mantzaris, "Solar radiation: Cloudiness forecasting using a soft computing approach, " Journal Artificial Intelligence Research, Vol 2 n° 1, p. 69-80, 2013.....

The Quality of the output power from the utilities has become a major concern of the modern industries. These power quality associated problems are voltage sag, surge, flicker, voltage imbalance, interruptions and harmonic problems. These power quality problems may cause problems to the industries ranging from malfunctioning of equipment to complete plant shut down. It has been identified that power quality can be degraded both due to utility side abnormalities as well as the customer side abnormalities. Voltage sag and swells in the medium and low voltage distribution grid are considered to be the most frequent type of power quality problems based on recent power quality studies. Their impact on sensitive loads is severe. Different solutions have been developed to protect sensitive loads against such disturbances but Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered to be the most efficient and effective solution. In this project, Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is implemented using fifteen level diode clamped multilevel inverter with Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) and Alternate phase opposition disposition pulse width modulation(APOD). In POD technique, four carrier waveforms are arranged so that all carrier waveforms above zero are in phase and they are 180 degrees out of phase with those below zero. In APOD technique, Carriers are arranged in such a manner that each carrier is out of phase with its neighbor by 180 degrees. The gate signals for the chosen
inverter can be derived directly from the PWM signals .This is the difference between the POD and APOD multi carrier PWM technique. The main aim is to reduce the harmonic distortion and to mitigate the voltage sag. Thus the Power quality of the proposed system is expected to improve. Simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the proposed method.

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), Phase Disposition PWM(PDPWM), Phase Opposition Disposition(PODPWM), Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition(APODPWM),Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter (DCMLI).

[1]. Anshuman Shukla, Arindam Ghosh and Avinash Joshi, "Hysteresis Modulation of Multilevel Inverters" IEEE Transaction on power electronics, Vol.26, No.5, May 2011.
[2]. AgileswariK. Ramasamy, Rengan Krishnan Iyer and Dr. R. N. Mukerjee, "Dynamic Voltage Restorer for voltage sag compensation,"IEEE PEDS, 2005.
[3]. C. Benachaiba and B. Ferdi, "Power quality improvement using a DVR," American Journal of Applied Sciences 6 3): 396-400,2009.
[4]. Chris Fitzer and Mike Barnes, "Voltage Sag Detection Technique for a Dynamic Voltage Restorer," IEEE Trans . Vol.40, No.1, Jan. 2004.
[5]. E. W. Gunther and H. Mehta, "A Survey of distribution system power quality," IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol.10, No.1, pp. 322-329, Jan.1995......

B method is one of the common paradigms used in formal verification. It offers a strong verification domain as it based on a mathematical and logical approach. The proof obligations (properties that must be satisfied) are automatically generated from the model, also the available tools provides both automatic and interactive proofs. VHDL is a mature implementation domain where many synthesis and simulation tools are available. The work in this paper presents a technique to convert B machines into the corresponding VHDL implementation in order to implement a correct by construction system, which benefits from the advantages of
both strong domains, and maintain the properties of the verified model. We reached for a method to cross the gap and convert the B machines into VHDL implementations and a tool was designed to apply the proposed technique. Five popular models were used as workbenches where we applied the developed technique. Simulation at some critical points was used to ensure that the generated VHDL satisfy the verified properties in the original B machine.

Verification, B models, VHDL, correct by construction, real-time.

[1]. Campos, J. C., Machado, J., and Seabra, E., "Property patterns for the formal verification of automated production systems", in Proceedings of the 17th World Congress, The International Federation of Automatic Control, pp. 5107-5112 , Seoul, Korea, 2008.
[2]. M. C. McFarland, "Formal Verification of Sequential Hardware: A Tutorial", IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated circuits and systems, pp. 663-654, 1993.
[3]. Roussel, J.-M and Denis, B., "Safety properties verification of ladder diagram programs", Journal Europeen des Systemes Automatisees, no. 36, pp. 905-917, 2002.
[4]. Smet, O. D. and Rossi, "Verification of a controller for a flexible manufacturing line written in ladder diagram via model-checking," in 21th American Control Conference, ACC'02, vol. 5, pp. 4147 - 4152, 2002.
[5]. O. Rossi, Validation formelle de programmes ladder pour automates programmables industriels, France: Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan, 2003.....

India is poised to have nearly 50% of population living in urban areas in next decade and that poses a challenge for the urban development and renewal task. With large scale urbanization, comes the need to plan and develop urban areas in a logical manner, invest in infrastructure and improve the quality of life in our cities. There is an urgent need to address the downside of proliferating slums, increasing homelessness, growing urban poverty, of relentless march of pollution and ecological damage. One of the major requirements for urban development is to have the accurate and timely information – information in geo-spatial forms that allows generation and use of different maps, GIS data and applications. Every urban area needs GIS – a comprehensive mapbased Geographical Information Systems (GIS) that powers urban planning and urban management. This project examines the use of Geospatial approach in mapping of urban sprawl between 1972-2011 (a period of 40 years) and temporal land use /land cover change detection (A case study of Jammu City, 2011-2012) so as to detect changes that has been taken place between these periods. Subsequently, an attempt was made at projecting the observed urban built-up in between 2011 to 2041.

GIS, Sprawl, Landsat, Land use, Regression, Trend line.

[1]. A.P. Subudhi, B.S. Sokhi, P.S. Roy: "Remote Sensing and GIS, Application in Urban and Regional studies"
[2]. Bhalli, M. N. (2011). A GIS Based Analysis of spatial patterns of urban Growth in Faisalabad city 1981-2010. Geography . Faisalabad, GC University Faislabad. M.Phil.
[3]. Bharath H., (2009), Image fusion techniques in remote sensing, B.E. Dissertation, University Visvesvaraya
College of Engineering, Bangalore
[4]. Bounphong Pheng Khouane NGD, LAO, PDR: "Urban sprawl mapping and land use change analysis"
[5]. http://www.ospcboard.org/plan/Chap%203%20: Chapter- 3 structure of the city.....

This paper is a review of research work on working fluid of fluid coupling. the properties of filling fluid plays a vital role in operation of fluid coupling, in current scenario general fluid using in fluid coupling is lubricating oil which has high viscosity and less density. Hence the power transmission by fluid coupling has less efficient due to high viscosity of oil. In this paper we are using water as a working fluid for fluid coupling which has less viscosity and high density comparative to conventional fluid coupling filling lubricating oil.

Fluid coupling, Hydraulic coupling, Hydraulic clutch, Hydrodynamic coupling.

[1]. encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com(http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Fluid+coupling)
[2]. www.Fluidomat.com(http://www.fluidomat.com/basic+principal)
[3]. Transfluid(fluid+coupling+technical+guide.pdf docno:BMG-DRI18052009)
[4]. Elecon(fluid+coupling+manual+03/G/IM/10/05/R1)
[5]. www.Wikipedia.org(http://www.wikipedia.org/fluid+coupling)....

This work outlines the preliminary results of researchaimed at evaluating SCC, produced by incorporating shell lime powder as filler, in terms of its properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and shrinkage strain.

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Shell lime powder, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength, Shrinkage strain.

[1]. Bouzoubaa, N., Lachemi, M., "Self Compacting Concrete Incorporating High-Volumes of Class F Fly Ash: Preliminary Results", Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, pp: 413-420.
[2]. BertilPersson, "A comparison between mechanical properties of self compacting concrete and the corresponding properties of normal concrete.", Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, pp: 193-198.
[3]. JagdishVengala, R. V. Ranganath, M.S Sudarshan, "Experimental study for obtaining SCC and Mix proportioning method for SCC" ,Indian Concrete Journal ,2003, pp 1261-1266.
[4]. Ouchi, M., Hibino, M., Ozawa, K. and Okamura, H., "A Rational Mix-Design for Mortar in Self- Compacting Concrete", Proceeding of the Sixth East-Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, Taipei, Taiwan, 1998, pp. 1307-1312..
[5]. K. H. Khayat and Z. Guizani, "Use of Viscosity-Modifying Admixture to Enhance Stability of Fluid Concrete", ACI Materials Journal, 1997, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 332-341.....

In modern railways coaches, the electrical separation between the high voltage side and the auxiliary equipments on the consumer side is realized by means of heavy and bulky 50-Hz Transformers. In order to reduce the weight and size of the devices, today new power supply systems are proposed that consist in softswitched isolated dc-dc converters with a lightweight medium frequency transformer and diverse output modules supplied by a common 600-V dc intermediate circuit. This paper aims to investigate in detail two such solutions of isolated dc-dc converters for auxiliary railway supply where zero-current transitions are achieved for the primary inverter switches.

Auxiliary over supply ,dc-dc converters railway traction , soft switching.

[1]. A. Steimel, "Electric railway traction in Europe," IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag., vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 6–17, 1996.
[2]. J. Weber, A. Berger, and A. Falk, "Galvanic separated high frequency power converter for auxiliary railway supply," presented at the 10th Eur. Power Electron. Conf., Toulouse, France, Sep. 2003.
[3]. D. Vinnikov, J. Laugis, and T. Jalakas, "Development of auxiliary power supplies for the 3.0 kV DC rolling stock," in Proc. IEEE Int.Symp. Ind. Electron. (ISIE), Vigo, Spain, Jun. 2007, pp. 359–364.
[4]. D. Vinnikov and J. Laugis, "High voltage auxiliary power supply with the simplified power circuit topology for the DC trains," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Elect. Power Quality Utilisation (EPQU),
Barcelona, Spain, 2007, pp. 1–6.
[5]. T. Kjellqvist, S. Norrga, and S. Ostlund, "Design considerations for a medium frequency transformer in a line side power conversion system," in Proc. IEEE 35th Annu. Power Elect. Spec. Conf., Aachen, Germany, 2004, pp. 704–71.....

Ship structural optimisation with mathematical algorithms can be very helpful to find the best solution (minimum weight, minimum cost, maximum inertia, etc). Typically, finite element analysis (FEA) tools are used in ship structural assessment. But, to build FEM model from CAD one is not easy and needs a big amount of manual work. This paper presents an innovative optimisation workflow by which the following steps are automatically carried out, without any manual intervention. First, from 3D CAD model, the idealised CAD model is created by idealisation module taking into account FEM needs. Then, the idealised CAD model is transferred to a FEM tool. After that, the FEM model is meshed, loaded and solved. The obtained results (i.e.
stress and weight) are transferred to optimiser tool. The optimiser evaluates the values of the objective function and the constraints previously defined and modifies the design variables (i.e. plate thickness and stiffener scantling) to create a new structural model, going to the next iteration of the loop. This process continues until the optimal solution is reached.

Ship structure; Optimisation methodology; FEM; CAD; BESST.

[1]. Birk L. Application of constrained multi-objective optimisation to the design of offshore structure hulls. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 2008; 131 (No. 1).
[2]. Doig R., Bohm M. Simulation-based structural design of ships. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Practical Design of Ships and other Floating Structures (PRADS), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2010.
[3]. Bohm M. Interconnection of rules based CAD idealisation for ship structures to ANSYS. ANSYS Conference & 28. CADFEM Users´ Meeting, Aachen, Germany, 2010.
[4]. Alonso V, Gonzalez C, Perez R. Efficient use of 3D tools at early design stages. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries (COMPIT), Cortona, Italy, 2013.
[5]. AVEVA Marine, Official homepage: http://www.aveva.com.....