This paper generally reviewed worldwide devastating sway of erosive forces, and in particular, the damages and the effects of Agulu-Nanka erosion complex on the socio- economic life of Agulu and Nanka communities. Questionnaires, interviews and oral discussions were used to collect data on the number of households displaced, number of houses, hectares of farmland gulped and local communication network cut off by the landslide. The data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistical percentages. Out of the 200 questionnaires distributed, 154 (77%) were recovered. Results show that 54 (35%) of the 154 households interviewed were displaced by the landslide, 2 domestic rivers silted, 235 Ha of farmland destroyed, 80 houses gulped and 13 rural roads cut off. Suggestions as to future and control efforts to be followed have also been given.

[1]. Brigg Darwyn and Euid Yuman (1980) Disappearing Farm lands, A National concern. In soil conservation magazine. Vol 45 No 6 of January 1980.
[2]. Eze A.N. (2000) Strategies for Enhancing the Adoption of Soil Conservation Technologies in School Farms in Anambra State. In Environmental Review Vol 3 No 2 August 2000.
[3]. Frank W.G (1976) Surface mine reclamation in the Mountain state. In soil conservation magazine Vol. 42 No 1 of August 1976.
[4]. Gerald M. Darby (1978): Controlling wind erosion in Nicaragua, in soil conservation magazine. Vol. 43 No. 11 of June 1978.
[5]. Glenn O.S (1966): Soil and water conservation engineering, John Wiley and Sons Press New York.

This paper delves into a canopy of details as well as the intricate ones w.r.t Android Location Based services and route tracking. In this paper we present to you our 'Route Tracker' application. As the user travels with an Android device, our Route Tracker application monitors the user's location and bearing, visually displaying a route on a map. The user touches the 'Start Tracking' toggle button to begin tracking a route. The map shifts as the user moves, keeping the users current location centred on the screen. The route is basically a red line with black dots appearing every 10 data points received by the application. The view can be changed from 'Street Map' to 'Satellite map' as the user needs. As the user touches 'Stop Tracking' the app displays a dialog containing the total distance travelled (in KMs and Miles) and the average speed (in KPH and MPH) over the entire route.

Android, LBS, GPS, Google Maps, location based services, Route Tracking

[1]. Xianhua Shu, Zhenjun Du, Rong Chen," Research on Mobile Location Service Design Based on Android" Dalian, China
[2]. D'Roza, T., and Bilchev, G. An overview of location-based services. BT Technology Journal 21, 1 (2003),20_27
[3]. Schwinger, W., Grin, C., Prll1, B., and Retschitzegger, W. A light-weight framework for location-based services. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Berlin, 2005), Springer, pp. 206_210
[4]. Zeimpekis, V., Giaglis, G., and Lekakos, G. A taxonomy of indoor and outdoor positioning techniques for mobile location services. SIGecom Exch. 3, 4 (2003), 19_27
[5]. Wei Duan ; Jianzhang Ma ; Chenhui Wang,"The research of Android System architecture and application programming", Harbin, 24-26 Dec. 2011, Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), 2011 International Conference on (Volume:2)

Images require substantial storage and transmission resources. Image compression reduces the data required to represent these images. Image compression normally uses reduction in bits representing the pixels. Here we use the Discrete wavelet Transform (DWT) followed by EZW and SPIHT algorithms. Discrete wavelet transform reduces the noise levels and it is advantageous in its high speed and accuracy. EZW and SPIHT algorithms are lossy compression methods and the accuracy of image depends on bit rate. For further compression we use "Huffman coding" with EZW and SPIHT algorithms. The results are analyzed for "Lena" image.

zero tree, compression, wavelets, EZW, SPIHT, Huffman coding

[1]. Surya Pemmaraju and Sunanda Mitra, "Efficient image coding using multiresolution wavelet transform and vector quantization" IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, IEEE press, Santa Fe, New Mexico, April, 1996,pp:243-248.
[2]. Shapiro, "Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients" IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol.41, pp.3445- 3462, Dec.1993
[3]. A.Said and W.A.Pearlman, "A new fast and efficient image codec based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees" IEEE Transactions on Circuits and systems for Video Technology, vol.6, no.3,pp.243-250,Jun.1996.
[4]. Wei Li,Zhen Peng pang "SPIHT Algorithm with Huffman Encoding" Intelligent Information technology and Security Informatics(IITSI), 2010 Third International Symposium on. 22 april 2010
[5]. Creusere, C.D., "A New method of Robust Image Compression Based on the Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Image processing, 6, No. 10(1997), pp.1436-1442.

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S F R C) is a composite material developed to reduce the brittleness of concrete and dramatically increases its ductility. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (S F R C) is used extensively to line the tunnels and other underground structures, to increase the thickness of pavements, and to repair and strengthen various structures. Increasing utilization of lightweight materials in structural applications is making pumice stone a very popular raw material. More than the target means strength of M 30 concrete is achieved with 10 percent and 20 percent replacement of natural coarse aggregate by pumice aggregate and with 1% & 1.5 percent of fiber. The compressive strength of pumice concrete is seen to increase with the fiber content and reaches an optimum value at 1.5% of fiber content and afterwards it gets decreased for various contents of pumice.

Cube Compressive Strength, Light Weight Aggregate Concrete, Natural Pumice Stone, Steel Fibre

[1]. Banthia, N. and Trottier, J., "Concrete reinforced deformed steel fibbers, part 1: Bond-slip mechanisms‟, ACI Material Journal 91 (5) (1994) 435-446.
[2]. Compione, G., La Mendola L. and Miraglia, N., "Behaviour in compression of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete with pumice stone‟, (available only in Italian), Proceedings of National Congress Giomate AICAP 99, Tornio, Nov. 1999, 1-17-26.
[3]. Compione, G.,Mindess, S. and Zingone, G., "compressive stress-strain behavior of normal and high- strength Carbone- fiber concrete reinforced with steel spirals‟. ACI Materials Journal 96 (1) (1999)27-34.
[4]. Balguru, P. and Foden, A.,‟Properties of fiber reinforced structural lightweight concrete‟, ACI Structural Journal 93 (1) (1996) 62-77.

[5]. Balaguru, P.; and Ramakrishnan, V.‟ ‟Properties of lightweight fiber reinforced concrete‟, Fiber Reinforced concrete- Properties and applications, SP105, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1987.pp. 305-322.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of silica fume and Fly Ash additives on the Flexural Strength of concrete. An attempt is also made to attain a more durable and higher strength concrete by a suitable combination of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), SF and FA. SF and FA are used as cement replacement in proportions of 0, 5, 10, 15% by weight respectively. Flexural strength is tested after 7, 28 days of the lime saturated water curing period. The experimental results indicate that using FA only decreases while SF only slightly increases 28-days flexural strength. On the other hand, using SF and FA together shows relatively more strength gain.

Roller Compacted Concrete, Silica Fume, Fly Ash, Flexural Strength

[1]. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 1993.Guide for design of pavement structures, Washington, D.C, US.
[2]. Alexander M.G. and Mackechnie J.R., "Concrete mixes for durable marine structures", Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2003, p. 20- 25. Discussion on paper: Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2004, p. 15-16.
[3]. Bhanja S. and Sengupta B., "Influence of silica fume on the tensile strength of concrete",Cem. Concr. Res., 35, 2005, p. 743-747.
[4]. Carette G. and Malhotra V.M., "Early - age strength development of concrete incorporating fly ash and condensed silica fume", Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Other Minerals By- Products in Concrete, V.M. Malhotra (Ed.), SP 79, ACI, Detroit, 1983, p. 765-784.
[5]. Atis C.D., Sevim U.K., Ozcan F., Bilim C., Karahan O., Tanrikulu A.H., Eksi A., "Strength properties of roller compacted concrete containing a non-standard high calcium fly ash", Materials Letters, Vol. 58, 2004, p. 1446-1450

Networks that support the ad hoc architecture are typically called wireless ad hoc networks or mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) these two terms are used interchangeably. Such networks are typically assumed to be self-forming and self healing. This research paper aims to simulate the wireless ad hoc network using NS2 simulator. We simulate the network which uses AODV as routing protocol and finds the network parameter values and the performance of the AODV protocol is measured.

AODV, Ad Hoc network, NS2 simulator,AWK,Throughput

[1]. C.Siva Ram Murthy and B.S.Manoj "Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Architectures and Protocols , 2nd edition , Pearson Education.
[2]. Andera Goldsmith "Wireless Communication",Cambridge University Press.
[3]. NS2, link: www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/tutorial ,accessed on Dec.2013.
[4]. C.E. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and Das "Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV) routing" ,, IETF Internet Draft, MANET working group, Jan. 2004.
[5]. Kevin Fall and Kannan Varadhan, "The NS manual", May 2010
[6]. Eitan Altman and Tania Jimenez, "Network Simulator for beginners",

This paper presents a transformer less ac/dc converter which can be used in voltages between 90- 230 Vrms. Instead of a transformer, this topology consists of a buck dc/dc converter and a buck boost dc/dc converter. By the absence of transformer, reduce the complexity of converter and it is cost effective. Buck dc/dc converter keeps o/p voltage below the line voltage; limit the leakage current. By controlling the circuit with feedback, we can increasing the efficiency and reduce total harmonic distortion. Output voltage is 40 V with THD 12.36%. And output current is near 4 A. For further modification a feedback PI controller is used. After using PI controller THD is reduced to 6.231%.Thus using controlled circuit harmonic content is reduced and efficiency is improved. Working of the proposed circuit and verification by simulation results are discussed in this paper. Simulation is done in MATLAB.

Integrated buck-buck- boost converter, Total harmonic distortion (THD), Transformer less, PI control.

[1]. Shu-Kong Ki, Dylan Dah-Chuan Lu, "A High Step-Down Transformerless Single-Stage Single-Switch AC/DC Converter" IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 28, no. 1, Dec. 2013.
[2]. Q. Zhao, F. C. Lee, and F.-s. Tsai, "Voltage and current stress reduction in single-stage power-factor correction AC/DC converters with bulk capacitor voltage feedback," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 17, no. 4,pp. 477–484, Jul. 2002.
[3]. L. Antonio, B. Andrs, S. Marina, S. Vicente, and O. Emilio, "New power factor correction AC-DC converter with reduced storage capacitor voltage," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 384–397, Feb. 2007.
[4]. S. K. Ki and D. D. C. Lu, "Implementation of an efficient transformerless single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 12, pp. 4095–4105, Dec. 2010.
[5]. M. A. Al-Saffar, E. H. Ismail, and A. J. Sabzali, "Integrated buck–boost–quadratic buck PFC rectifier for universal input applications," IEEE Trans.Power Electron., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 2886–2896, Dec. 2009.

In this paper, we are planning to use M20 concrete and recycled waste plastic powder as modifier. Modifier will be added in different amounts (2%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%) to replace the same amount of cement. Tests are to be conducted on fine and coarse aggregates and cement to find their physical properties. Based on these tests, we have to analyze whether the addition of plastic waste in concrete is economical or not.

[1]. M.S. Shetty, "Concrete Technology",2012, S.Chand & Co. Ltd.
[2]. B.V.Kiran Kumar and P.Prakash, "Use of waste plastic in cement concrete",2009
[3]. Raghatate Atul M, "Use of plastic in concrete to improve its properties",2007
[4]. Malek Bataneh, Iqbal Marie, Ibrahim Asi, "Use of selected waste materials in concrete mixes", 2004
[5]. Rafat Siddique, Jamal Khatib and Inderpreet Kaur, "Use of recycled plastic in concrete: a review",2010
[6]. IS: 456-2000
[7]. IS:10262-2009

The increased use of concrete can cause the extinction of natural aggregates. So it is necessary to find alternatives for the coarse and fine aggregates used, which should be easily available and economical as well. The paper has been aimed to study the suitability of granite slab waste as coarse aggregate in concrete and also to study its properties at elevated temperatures. Waste pieces from the industry were broken to 20 mm and down size and were used as coarse aggregates for concrete. Concrete specimens were tested after being heated to temperatures of 2000C, 4000C and 6000C and cooled to room temperature, for their compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity. A comparative study was done with concrete made with conventional aggregates.

[1]. Neville A.M, Properties of concrete, Third Edition, English Language Book Society, 1988.
[2]. M.L Gambhir, Concrete Technology, TataMcGraw –Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi.
[3]. Shetty.M.S, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice, S,Chand and Company Ltd,New Delhi.
[4]. Sri Ravindrarajah, R., Residual Compressive and Tensile strengths for High strength Concrete Exposed to High-Temperature up to 800°C, Proceedings International Conference on HPHSC, Perth, Australia, August 1998, 633-645
[5]. George C. Hoff, Alainbilodeo and V. Mohan Malhotra. Elevated Temperatures effects on H.S.C. Residual strength, Concrete International, April 2000, 41-47.

The retention of heavy metals in soils depends on several factors like temperature, chemical composition of the soils, pH, ion activity and particle size (Fetter, 1990). So, in the present study, effects of some of these factors on retention are included.

[1]. Brown, K. W and Anderson, D. C (1983). Effects of Organic Solvents on the Permeability of Clayey Soils. U.S. EPA – 600 / 2 – 83 –016. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 8.
[2]. Elliot, H. A et al. (1986). Competitive Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Soils, Journal of Environmental Qual. Vol. 15. pp. 214 – 219.
[3]. Jose, B.T (1989). A study of Physical and Engineering Behaviour of Cochin marine Clays, Ph D. Thesis, Cochin University of science and Technology.
[4]. Maguire, m. et al. (1981). Influence of pH on Copper and Zinc Intake by Soil Clay. Australian Journal of Soil Research. Vol. 19, pp. 217 – 229.
[5]. Rajasekhar, C., Pandian, N.S and Sridharan A. (1997) Effect of pH on the Retention of Multiple Heavy metal ions by Fly ash. Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference .