Insertion of series capacitor in transmission line reduces net transfer reactance of line and it gives greater power transfer capability of the lines. It also improves power flow control & voltage regulation of lines. But it also causes problem to the conventional distance protection scheme during fault condition. The major problem to the distance relay is to measure correct impedance from relaying point to fault point when series capacitor remains in fault path. This paper briefly discusses need of series compensation, problems due to series compensation and focus is made on the problem of over-reach.

[1]. P.M. Anderson, POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION, New York: IEEE Press Power Engineering Series.
[2] Ziegler, Numerical Distance Protection; Principles and Applications, Erlangen, 2006.
[2]. ZELLAGUI Mohamed, CHAGHI Abdelaziz, "Impact of Series Compensation Insertion in Double HV Transmission Line on the Settings of Distance Protection," International Journal of Scientific& Engineering Research, vol. 2, no. 8, August 2011.
[3]. Stan Wilkinson, "Series Compensated Line Protection Issues," GE Power Management, Ontario, Canada.
[4]. Bhavesh Bhalja, R.P.Maheshwari, Nilesh G. Chothani, Protection and Switchgear, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, pp. 82-119.
[5]. Hector J. Altuve, Joseph B. Mooney, and George E. Alexander, "Advances in Series-Compensated Line Protection," in IEEE Conference Publications

This paper represents effect of automatic voltage regulator(AVR) and power system stabilizer( PSS) on transient stability of single machine connected to infinite bus system. SMIB system is chosen because it is simple configuration by which we can easily understand concept and effect of AVR and PSS on power system. In order to test the effect of AVR without PSS and with PSS to damp electromechanical oscillations simulation is carried out to analyze transient stability about steady state point followed by three phase fault which is not common type of fault but adequate for our purpose. Simulation is carried out with higher order model of synchronous machine in MATLAB environment and simulation result shows the effectiveness of AVR with PSS for SMIB system.

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This paper deal with the performance analysis and operating principles of power electronics based FACTS device static synchronous compensator for power quality improvement at the point of common coupling for the grid connected wind energy system. A three phase three wire system is assumed in this study. An IGBT based three phase inverter circuit with PWM control strategies supplied by a DC storage capacitor called STATCOM is connected in shunt with the PCC. When the inverter output voltage is greater than the bus voltage, STATCOM will act as a capacitor i.e. it will inject reactive power into the bus. When the inverter output voltage is less than the bus voltage, STATCOM will act as a inductor i.e. it will absorb reactive power from the bus. Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected Wind Energy System Using STATCOM is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in power system block set.

Permanente-magnet synchronous generator, Pulse width modulation (PWM), Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), Voltage source converter (VSC).

[1]. N.F. Jamaludin, 2A.F. Abidin "Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Controller for Distribution Synchronous Static Compensator (D- STATCOM) to Mitigate Voltage Flicker"
[2]. C.N Bhende and G.K Singh "Modeling and performance of sinusoidal PWM based Dstatcom" NPSC volume-2 DEC27-30,2004 [3] Jovitha Jerome,And R.Subha "Power Quality Enhancement In Distribution System(DSTATCOM)" NPSC Volume 2 DEC 27-30
[3]. S.Meschi and E.Hashemzadeh, "MATLAB Simulation of a DSTATCOM using Hysteresis current control for electrical Arc furnace Filker Mitigation"2006
[4]. V.Suresh Kumar , Ahmed F.Zobaa , R.Dinesh Kannan , and K.Kalaiselvi "Power Quality and Stability Improvement in Wind Park System Using STATCOM
[5]. Vaisakh V, M.Tech (Power system), EEE, Sunilkumar A V, Assistant Professor, EEE, "Power-Quality Improvement Features In Grid Interconnection of

In this paper, coordinated control of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) in automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected two area multi-source (hydro-thermal-gas) power generation system in restructured environment is presented. The proposed method can improve the dynamic performance of AGC after the sudden load perturbation. The integral (I) and proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller gain of AGC is obtained by tuning the quadratic performance index using integral square error (ISE) technique. After deregulation, each area contains three GENCOS and three DISCOS. For describe bilateral contract for two areas AGC, DISCO participation matrix is used. Simulation result reveals that combination of SMES and PID controller reduces frequency deviation and gives faster settling time than without any energy storage devices.

AGC, ISE, LFC, SMES, Deregulation, Bilateral contracts.

[1]. P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1994.
[2]. O. I. Elgerd and C. Fosha, "Optimum megawatt-frequency control of multiarea electric energy systems," IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus & Systems, vol. PAS-89, no. 4, pp. 556–563, Apr. 1970.
[3]. C. Fosha and O. I. Elgerd, "The megawatt-frequency control problem: newapproach via optimal control theory," IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus & Systems, vol. PAS-89, no. 4, pp. 563–577, Apr. 1970.
[4]. Cohn, N: "Techniques for improving the control of bulk power transfers on interconnected systems", IEEE Trans. Power Appear. Syst., vol.90, no.6, pp.2409-2419, 1971.
[5]. Hiyama, T, "Design of decentralized load frequency regulators for interconnected power systems", IEE Proc., Gener.Transm.Distrib. vol.129, no.1, pp.17-22,1982D Vaibhav, Pai MA, Hiskens Iran A. "Simulation and optimization in an AGC system after deregulation". IEEE Trans Power Syst 2001, 16(3):481–8.

This paper includes series compensation of 400 kV transmission line by Thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), one of the device of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) family. It provides variable capacitive and inductive reactance to compensate inductive reactance of transmission line, which results power flow control of transmission line. The reactance characteristics curve of TCSC for differing firing angle of TCSC is plotted, which decides capacitive and inductive region of TCSC. In capacitive region power flow increases and inductive region power flow decreases. Uncompensated 400 kV transmission line, compensated 400 kV transmission line with fixed capacitance and compensated 400 kV transmission line with TCSC is modelled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results of above are compared and analyzed for power flow control and voltage profile improvement. Performance of TCSC for different degree of compensation is also considered on the same modelled system.

Series Compensation, HVAC, Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation ( TCSC )

[1]. Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, "Understanding Facts – Concepts and Technology Of Flexible AC Transmission Systems ", IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
[2]. R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv.K.Verma, "Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems", John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[3]. Muhammad H. Rashid, "Power Electronics – Circuits, Devices And Applications", Third Edition, Pearson, 2009.
[4]. S. Meikandasivam, Rajesh Kumar Nema, Shailendra Kumar Jain, "Selection Of TCSC Parameters : Capacitor and Inductor", Power Electronics (IICPE), 2010 India International Conference, IEEE Conference Publication, 2011.

In recent years, Flexible AC Transmission Systems, called FACTS, have become a known technology for better controllability using power electronics in power system. A number of FACTS devices are used for different applications all over the world. The shunt connected FACTS devices are generally used for reactive power compensation and hence, voltage regulation, STATCOM being one among these. It is capable of dealing with the voltage dips and flickers and hence, better as compared to SVC. The advantage of a STATCOM is that the reactive power injected is independent of the line voltage at the point of connection. In this work MATLAB based simulation of D-STATCOM and its related analysis is done.

FACTS, D-STATCOM, Synchronous PI, Shunt Compensation, Power Quality

[1]. Hingorani, Narain G., and Laszlo Gyugyi. Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems. Wiley-IEEE press, 2000.
[2]. Padiyar, K. R. FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution. New Age International, 2007.
[3]. Mathur, R. Mohan, and Rajiv K. Varma. Thyristor-based FACTS controllers for electrical transmission systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[4]. Paserba, John J. "How FACTS controllers-benefit AC transmission systems."Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, 2003 IEEE PES. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2003.
[5]. Edris, A. A. "Proposed terms and definitions for flexible AC transmission system (FACTS)." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 12.4 (1997).

Distance Relay is widely used a protective relay in a long transmission line. The Distance Relay achieves selectivity on the basis of impedance. As the impedance is proportional to the distance between the fault point and relay so the relay is directly indicates a distance of fault location. In this paper, three zones of distance relay with mho characteristics are modelled and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC software. In this modelling single line to ground fault (SLG), line to line fault (LL) and three phase fault (LLL) considered at a zone1, zone2, zone3 respectively and also study the performance of relay characteristics during Load encroachment and Fault resistance. The test network used in this paper is 230 kV, 300 km radial transmission line systems.

Distance relay, Fault resistance , Load encroachment, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault

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Power Quality is an essential aspect for reliable operation of power grid including Photovoltaic based generation. This paper focuses on real time problem of injection of harmonics and resonance into power network having 5MW solar plant. The solar plant includes 10 inverters each of 500KW connected to 33kV bus. Power produced by plant is explored via 4km cable at 220kV, where conventional plant of 400MW running in parallel at same bus. It is observed that due to injection of harmonics and resonance at particular natural frequency after certain irradiation and hence generation, at specific time of day several inverters are tripped simultaneously. Voltage variation has also been observed. To address the said issue, this paper aims at identification of culprit order of harmonics and resonant frequency, and also the filter design to mitigate the particular issue of harmonics.

Photovoltaic (PV); resonance; harmonics; power quality; NEPLAN; distributed generation (DG).

[1]. Roger Dugan and Mark McGranaghan "Electrical Power Systems Quality", Second Edition, McGraw- Hill (2004).

[2]. Pekik Dahono and Qamaruzzaman "An LC filter design method for single phase PWM inverters", IEEE catalogue No. 95TH8025 (1995).
[3]. Borges and Falco "Impact of Distributed Generation allocation and Sizing on Reliability, Losses and Voltage Profile", Power Tech Conference Proceedings , IEEE Bologna, Vol. II (2003).
[4]. Daly and Morrison "Understanding the Potential benefits of Distributed Generation on Power Delivery Systems", Rural Electric Power Conference, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (2001).

This Paper shows analysis of an industrial network which consists of Generators, Step-up and Stepdown transformers, Transmission Line, Buses, and Industrial Load. The network is designed to supply a continuous process plant which will be having varying demand. In order to meet reliability constraint system capacities are set higher than required which causes power flow mismatch in load flow. So this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the system and provides a suggestion for optimal load flow solution

Load Flow Analysis, Optimal Power Flow, LTC, Newton-Raphson Method

[1]. Kothari, Dwarkadas Pralhaddas, and I. J. Nagrath. Modern power system analysis. Tata McGraw- Hill Education, 2003..
[2]. Keval Velani, S.M.Takalkar, Lightening Protection System Study Report on 220/6.9 kv MRSS, Ultratech cement Plant,Kovaya,Takalkar Power Engineers and Consultants, 2015
[3]. Deshpande, Murlidhar Vinayak. Electrical power system design. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2001.
[4]. Majumdar, S., D. Topadhyay, and Jaimit Parikh. "Interruptible load management using optimal power flow analysis." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 11.2 (1996): 715-720.
[5]. Chakravorty, M.,and DebapriyaDas."Voltage stability analysis of radial distribution networks." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 23.2 (2001): 129- 135.

A simulation model of a directly driven wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is described in this paper. PMSG is connected to grid of 33 kV by full scale back to back power converters and common DC-link. Generator side converter controls the speed of the generator and regulates the working current of the generator. Grid side inverter maintains the DC-link voltage near the reference value. Simulation is carried out for conventional control strategy for inverter. A single line to ground fault is created to observe the effect of low voltage ride-through (LVRT).

Wind turbine, PMSG, DC-link, Generator side converter, Grid side inverter, Low voltage ridethrough (LVRT).

[1]. Ki-Hong Kim, et al. "LVRT scheme of PMSG wind power systems based on feedback linearization." Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on 27.5 (2012): 2376-2384.
[2]. Youssef Errami, Mohamed Maaroufi, and Mohammed Ouassaid. "Variable Structure Direct Torque Control and grid connected for wind energy conversion system based on the PMSG." Complex Systems (ICCS), 2012 International Conference on. IEEE, 2012.
[3]. Keqing Qu, Jinbin Zhao, and Yuehong Xing. "A LVRT control strategy based on DC-link voltage limit for PMSG wind generation system." Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC), 2012 7th International. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2012.
[4]. G Joos, "Wind turbine generator low voltage ride through requirements and solutions." Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE.

This paper describes the control strategy for the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) used in utility distribution systems is investigated, fuzzy-PI-based direct output-voltage (DOV) control strategy is presented. Based on power balancing principle, this DOV control strategy cannot only reduce the active and reactive current control loops of a conventional double-loop control strategy but also achieve to regulate dclink voltage and maintain the voltages at the point of common coupling (PCC). In order to effectively improve the immunity capability of this DOV control strategy to the uncertainties in system parameters, two fuzzy PI controllers are separately employed to maintain the voltages at the PCC and to simultaneously regulate dclink voltage. The mathematical model of conventional double loop control, Direct-Output-Voltage (DOV) control, Fuzzy-PI based control is studied. The control scheme for the above approaches is implemented using MATLAB Simulink platform. The simulation results of the models are presented and compared.

[1]. Thyristor based Facts controllers and Electrical Transmission system by Mohan Mathur & Rajiv K. Varma IEEE press.
[2]. Power electronics handbook by M.H Rashid.

[3]. N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS-Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1999.
[4]. A. H. Norouzi and A. M. Sharaf, "Two control schemes to enhance the dynamic performance of the STATCOM and SSSC," IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 435–442, Jan. 2000.
[5]. M. S. E. Moursi and A. M. Sharaf, "Novel controllers for the 48-pulse VSC STATCOM and SSSC for voltage regulation and reactive power compensation," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1985– 1997, Nov. 2005.

This paper deals with the closed loop control strategy of grid connected Photovoltaic and fuel cell hybrid system. Paper deals with the 100 KW PV and 16.5 KW PEMFC SR-12 systems. Incremental conductance with proposed algorithm is used for both PV and PEMFC system. Paper also presents the control strategy for control the PEMFC output according to the PV system output. Finally, the whole system is validating through MATLAB – Simulink environment

[1]. Caisheng Wang, Senior Member, IEEE and M. Hashem Nehrir, Senior Member, IEEE "Power Management of a Stand-Alone Wind/Photovoltaic/Fuel Cell Energy System", IEEE Transactions on energy conversion, Vol.23, No. 3, September 2008, 0885-8969.
[2]. Abdcrrczzak Bouharchouchc, El Madjid, Tarrak Ghcnnam, "Control and Energy Management of a Grid Connected Hybrid Energy System PV-Wind with Battery Energy Storage for Residential Applications", Eight International Conference and Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), IEEE, March 2013, ISBN: 978-1-4673-5269-7.
[3]. Roberto F. Coelho, Lenon Schmitz, Denizar C. Martins, "Grid Connected Renewable Hybrid System for Uninterruptible Dc Load Maintenance", IEEE, Sept. 2011, ISBN: 978-1-4577-1644-7.
[4]. M.A.Rosli N.Z.Yahaya and Z.Baharudin "A Multi- Input Converter for Hybrid Photovoltaic Array/Wind Turbine/Fuel Cell and Battery Storage System Connected AC Grid Network", Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT-ASIA), IEEE, May 2014, ISBN: 978-1-4799-1300-8.

On August 14, 2003 a cascade tripping initiated in the North Eastern America and Canada affected 50 million people, on September 28, 2003 major portion of Italy was pitch black due to fault in a transmission line, on May 17, 2005 blast in the series capacitor in one of the transmission line in Vietnam led to cascade tripping of its entire system, on July 30 - 31 of 2012 saw the cascade tripping in Northern and Eastern states of India. This paper contains the summary of major events which led to above mentioned grid failures along with the recommendations are given by the investigating committee of the respective countries. These blackouts as indicated in the respective reports have tremendous economic consequences, and hence it becomes crucial to investigate and study them. This paper includes a comparison between the number of technical and nontechnical factors which played a critical role in the initiation of the blackout

[1]. Pourbeik, Pouyan, Prabha S. Kundur, and Carson W. Taylor. "The anatomy of a power grid blackout." IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 4.5 (2006): 22-29.

[2]. NERC Steering Group. "Technical analysis of the August 14, 2003, blackout: What happened, why, and what did we learn." report to the NERC Board of Trustees (2004).
[3]. U.S. – Canada Power System Outage Task Force. "Final Report on August 14, 2003 blackout in the United States and Canada: Causes and Recommendations" report to the U.S. President and Canadian P.M.
[4]. Andersson, G., et al. "Causes of the 2003 major grid blackouts in North America and Europe, and recommended means to improve system dynamic performance." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 20.4 (2005): 1922-1928.

Electricutilitiesutilizevarioustechniquestoachieveoptimalpowerflow.InthispaperlinearprogrammingmethodandPa
rticleswarmoptimizationmethodisusedforobtainingoptimalpowerflowusingequalityandinequalityconstrain.Toens
uresecuredoperationofpowersystem,itisnecessarytokeepthelineflowwithintheprescribedMVAlimitsothatthesystem operates innormal state.Withtheinvolvement ofnonlinearfunctionand constrains,PSOmethod
ismoresuitablethanlinearprogrammingmethod.
ThisapproachisexaminedandtestedonstandardIEEE6busand30bussystem.TestresultofPSOiscomparedwithlinearp
rogrammingmethodfordifferentcases.Theobtainedsolutionprovesthattheproposedtechniqueisefficientandaccurate

[1]. Powergeneration,operationandcontrolbyAllenJ.WoodandBruceF.Wollenberg.
[2]. InvestigationsonpowersystemoperationandmanagementinRestructuredMarket,byR.RajathyDepartmentofEl
ectricalandElectronicsEngineeringPondicherry EngineeringCollegePondicherry-605014,INDIA
[3]. OptimalpowerflowbylinearprogrammingbasedoptimizationbySrijibK.Mukhejee,Dr.AgustinRecio,Dr.Chri
stosDodigeris,Southeastcon'92,Proceedings.,IEEE,12-15Apr1992, 527-529 vol.2, ISBN:0-7803-0494-2
[4]. FurtherdevelopmentsinLPbasedoptimalpowerflowbyAlsasJ.Bright,M.PraisB.Stott, PowerSystems,
IEEETransactionon(Volume:5,Issue:3)ISSN:0885-8950,06August2002
[5]. LuisS.Vargas,VictorH.QuitanaandAnthonyVanneli,1993.ATutorialdescriptionofanInteriorPointmethodan
ditsapplicationstoSecurityConstrainedEconomicDispatchIEEETransactionsonPowerSystems,8(3).

The purpose of designing this project is to protect alternating current motors from various faults such as over-voltage, over-current, under voltage, unbalanced current & over heating etc. Protection system for motors plays a vital role in industries such that production is not slow down owing to failure of any motor. The main idea for the development of this project is to offer safety to the AC industrial motors, pumps and very high speed motors. If any of the given phase gets damaged (due to fault) or if any over current or over voltage fault occurs motor stops immediately. If any of the phases is not available the respective transformer will stop supplying power to the circuit. Further the project can be expanded by using current sensors for over load protection and phase sequence sensor for protecting the motor from wrong phase sequence. We are using microcontroller which will compare the current data with the predefined data and if found faulty then it will command relay to trip and will protect the ac motors

[1]. Pero Ostojic, Arijit Banerjee, Dhaval C. Patel, Wrichik Basu, Shahid Ali," Advanced Motor Monitoring and Diagnostics", IEEE Transactions On Industry Applications, Vol. 50, No. 5, September/October 2014
[2]. B.Venkataraman, B.Godsey, W. Premerlani, E.Shulman, M.Thakur, R.Midence, "Fundamentals of a Motor Thermal Model and its Applications in Motor Protection", IEEE Magazine on Motor Thermal Model Protection Applications
[3]. B. Ram, D. Vishwakarma, "Power System Protection & Switchgear", TMH Publication, 2014
[4]. S.S. Rao, "Switchgear Protection & Power System", Khanna Publishers, 2013
[5]. Motor Reliability Working Group, "Report Of Large Motor Reliability Survey Of Industrial And Commercial Installations, Part I". IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, July/Aug. 1995

The paper presents the situation of the 220 kV gas insulated substation at Aarey Boriwali, Mumbai as a part of extension to air insulated substation and gives detail of earthing grid design. The design of earthing grid for air insulated and using same grid for earthing of gas insulated substation is described. The connection of GIS enclosure to earthing grid is also described. The earthing grid design is performed according to IEEE std. 80 – 2000 and CBIP publication 223.

[1]. IEEE std 80-2000, "IEEE giude for safety in AC substation grounding".
[2]. CBIP publication no. 223-1992, " Design of Earthing Mat For High Voltage Substation

This paper presents the simulation of the efficient Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) in a photovoltaic (PV) array using Matlab/Simulink software. One diode equivalent circuit of solar cell is used to plot P-V and I-V characteristics. There are number of methods used to track the maximum power from the PV array. This paper presents Perturb and Observe (P & O) method to track the maximum power from the PV array. The system includes the modelling of PV cell under different solar irradiance conditions. Proposed MPPT method will be able to track the maximum power with minimum possible oscillations around the maximum power points.

[1]. "Analysis And Simulation Of The P&O Mppt Algorithm Using A Linearized Pv Array Model", Marcelo Gradella Villalva, Jonas
Rafael Gazoli, Ernesto Ruppert Filho University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
[2]. "Modeling of PV Module with Consideration of Environmental Factors" Nand Kishor, Member, IEEE, Marcelo Gradella
Villalva, Soumya Ranjan Mohanty, Member, IEEE, Ernesto Ruppert.
[3]. " Modeling Solar Photovoltaic Cell and Simulated Performance Analysis of a 250W PV Module" Md.
[4]. Aminul Islam, Graduate Student Member, IEEE, Adel Merabet, Member, IEEE, Rachid
[5]. Beguenane and Hussein Ibrahim.

The power electronics device which converts DC power to AC power at required output voltage and frequency level is known as Inverter. Multilevel Inverter is to synthesize a near sinusoidal voltage from several levels of dc voltages. Multilevel Inverter has advantage like minimum harmonic distortion. Multi-level inverters are emerging as the new breed of power converter options for high power applications. They typically synthesize the stair–case voltage waveform which has reduced harmonic content. This paper aims to extend the knowledge about the performance of Five Level Cascaded H-Bridge MLI topology using SPWM for fixed DC Source. The output voltage is the sum of the voltage that is generated by each bridge. The switching angles can be chosen in such a way that the total harmonic distortion is minimized. Results of experiments proved efficiency of 95%.The performance of the proposed SPWM strategy in terms of output voltage and THD has studied successfully and shown using MATLAB/Simulink.

[1]. "Power Electronics Circuits, Devices & Applications", Muhammad H. Rashid, Third Edition, Prentice Hall India.
[2]. Rajesh Kr Ahuja, Lalit Aggarwal, Pankaj Kumar "Simulation of Single Phase Multilevel Inverters with Simple Control Strategy Using MATLAB" International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 10, October 2013
[3]. Prof R. Kameswara Rao, P. Srinivas, M.V. Suresh Kumar "Design and Analysis of various INVERTERS using different PWM Technique."

[4]. Ren Xian "Relationship between Electrical Load Structure and Inverter Power Supply" Open Science Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2015

This paper presents Graphical User Interface (GUI) model of current carrying capacity of transmission lines using MATLAB. Now days computer system are mostly used graphical user interface (GUI) which allows users to interact with electronic device using graphical images. The GUI model includes parameters such as environmental conditions and physical factors. The calculation is done for various temperatures for different conductor's configuration. The design and calculation is performed according to Central Board of Irrigation
& Power (CBIP) publication no. 268.

[1]. Central Board of Irrigation and Power (CBIP) publication no.268

The Photovoltaic (PV) module is the interface which converts light into electricity. This paper includes mathematical and simulation model for PV cells. The model is able to simulate both the P-V & I-V characteristics curves. One of the main challenge is harvesting power from a PV source is maximum power point tracking (MPPT). It is due to non linear behavior & characteristics of PV array. Proposed system consists of high gain boost converter feeding three level diode clamped inverter. 60W Solarex MSX60 PV panel is chosen for evaluating the developed model

[1]. Simple Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Panels Using Matlab/Simulink, Advanced Science and Technology Letters, Vol.73 (FGCN 2014), pp.147-155.
[2]. Kinal Kachhiya, Mukesh Patel, Makarand Lokhande, "MATLAB/Simulink Model of Solar PV Module and MPPT Algorithm", National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology, 13-14 May 2011.
[3]. Hanja Cha and Sanghoey Lee, "Design and Implementation of Photovoltaic power conditioning system using a current based maximum power point tracking", Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting,
[4]. 2008. IAS ‟08. IEEE, vol., no., pp,.1-5,5-9 Oct. 2008.
[5]. A PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK Shivananda Pukhrem, DATASET · AUGUST 2013 DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2628.4645

A Locker is an individually-secured container, usually held within a larger safe or bank vault. Safe deposit boxes are generally located in banks, post offices or other institutions. Safe deposit boxes are used to store valuable wills, currency, jewellery. In Locker System, Process of Authentication is Complex. Customer have their Locker Keys for unlocking the locker & Bank has a master key. When Both Keys are applied at a same time then & then only Locker will unlock. There is Waste of Time, Employees also required. Solution for this problem is Fully Automatic System. First of all, customer have to enter username & password. After that one OTP (one-time password) generated by microchip & password sent to the registered mobile number by GSM. After that Door will open & Again Customer have to enter that OTP number into the appropriate Locker. If password will be same then locker will unlock otherwise security message will have sent to Manager.

[1]. Research paper /pdf (online):-
[2]. https://eprint.iacr.org/2009/430.pdf :-
One-time-password-authenticated key exchange. Author Name:-Kenneth G. Paterson; Douglas Stebila.
[3]. http://www.silabs.com/
Using Low- Cost OTP Microcontrollers to Simplify Embedded Applications:- Author Name:-Evan Schulz
[4]. https://www.youtube.com/
[5]. https://www.google.co.in/

Automation systems these days have many advantages over manual systems which includes decrease in human effort and increase in reliability. This project aims at Complete Automation of an establishment. The systems incorporated are controlled automatically by Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and visualized by Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA). As each appliance is interfaced with PLC, the project proves to be accurate, reliable and more efficient than the existing controllers.

[1]. Sheila Mahapatra, Aman Jain, Divyanshu Singh, "PLC-Based Home Automation System" in International Journal of Innovative
Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) Volume-4, Issue-5, October 2014, Section II
[2]. https://learn.adafruit.com/pir-passive-infrared-proximity-motion-sensor/how-pirs-work
[3]. https://learn.adafruit.com/pir-passive-infrared-proximity-motion-sensor/overview
[4]. www.rockwellautomation.com
[5]. http://www.emartee.com/product/41488/

In this paper a 150° conduction mode of three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) is presented. In this mode of three phase VSI each switch conducts for 150° time period. Here compared to only 4 level and 3 level in 180° and 120° conduction modes, the output phase voltage of VSI becomes 7 level, 12 step waveform respectively. This results into reasonable Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) level reduction compared to conventional 180° and 120° conduction modes VSI. All simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox.

[1]. M.H. Rashid, " Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, an Applications", Prentice Hall Inc., 2 Edition, 1993
[2]. Mohamed H. Saied, M. Z. Mostafa, T. M. Abdel- Moneim, H. A. Yousef, "New 13- Space vector Diagram For the Three Phase Six Switches Voltage Source Inverter" ICCCP'09 Muscat, Feb. 2009. Pp.237- 242
[3]. EbrahimBabaei, Mehdi Mahaei "Improving Output Voltage of Three Phase Six-Switch Inverters" TELKOMNIKA, Vol.9, No.3, December 2011, pp. 497-502.
[4]. D. G. Mangrolia, D. B. Karvat, H. D. Patel "Study and Simulation of Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter in Different Conduction Modes" The Indian Journal of Technical Education, April 2012
[5]. Mohamed H. Saied, M. Z. Mostafa, T. M. Abdel- Moneim and H. A. Yousef, "On Three-Phase Six-Switch Voltage Source Inverter: A 150 Conduction Mode" IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics 2006; 1504-1509.

Welding serves a variety of purposes across domains. Machinery and equipments fabricated, pipeline and manifold welding, structural welding, offshore welding and ornament welding are examples of welding that take place in business and industry. Welding equipment has become of the most important tools that a producer cans posses hence the need to design and construct an arc welding machine. In this paper, authors designed and constructed 3-phase electronic welding machine of 10 kHz switching frequency with arc welding as application.

[1]. "A novel inverter for arc welding machines", IE EE-transactions on industrial electronics, Volume-62, March-2015.
[2]. Jian Min Jian -A simple Inverter for Arc welding Machines with current doubler rectifier", IEEE- 23 February - year 2011.
[3]. "Device selection guide for half bridge welding machine"-fairchild semiconductor.com
[4]. J.Borka and M.Horvath -"A new simple, low cost modular arrangement of high power factor for both DC and AC welding "-IEEE ISIE,volume-54,year-1999,
[5]. A. Sakabe, T. Kashima, T. Mita andT. Araya, "Inverter-controlled arc welding equipment", Welding international,1, pp.629-638

Hand gesture recognition has wide range of applications in many areas. The development of Gesture recognition is the witness of the human being effort aiming to communicate with electronic gadgets. This paper deals with an efficient algorithm to recognize the hand gestures representing the American Sign Language (ASL). All the features used are basically shape based assuming that the shape of human hand is same for all human being. The main features used are of two types: appearance based features and the correlation based features. Template matching uses the cross-correlation to recognize the similar pattern. The timing analysis of the proposed method is done for further optimization of the algorithm. The project work is divided into two parts: first is the gesture detection and second is the gesture recognition based on feature extraction.

[1]. Yanmin Zhu, Zhibo Yang and Bo Yuan, "Vision Based Hand Gesture Recognition", International Conference on Service Science, pp. 260-265, 2013.
[2]. Pragati Garg, Naveen Aggarwal and Sanjeev Sofat, "Vision Based Hand Gesture Recognition System", World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 49, pp. 972-976, 2009.
[3]. D.K.Vishwakarma and Rajiv Kapoor, "Simple and intelligent system to recognize the expression of speech-disabled person", IEEE Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Intelligent Human Computer Interaction, Kharagpur, India, December, 2012.
[4]. Anupam Agrawal, Rohit Raj and Shubha Porwal, "Vision-based Multimodal Human-Computer Interaction using Hand and Head Gestures", IEEE Conference on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT 2013), pp. 1288-1291, 2013.

This review paper presents the advantages of using ARM controller over PLC in andon system. This is an automation system based on ARM controller. It is a production monitoring system, giving real time update of the production line to the managers. Another feature of andon system is error reporting, it informs the line manager and technician of an error detected and its specific location. This allows the technicians and line manager to work on the error detected more efficiently and in less time.

[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andon_(manufacturing)
[2]. https://kaizeninstituteindia.wordpress.com/2014/03/06/andon-a-visual-control-device/
[3]. http://www.leanblog.org/2014/08/why-toyota-is-eliminating-the-andon-cord-from-its-factories/
[4]. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN202281943U/en?q=andon&q=system
[5]. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN203038078U/en?q=andon&q=system

A microcontroller based system is developed which verifies the conditions required for the synchronization of two alternators, viz.
• The terminal voltage of two machines must be equal.
• The frequency of two machines should be same.
• The phase sequences of two machines are bound to be same.
• The voltage phasors of both machines must be in phase
• Or within close vicinity of each other as far as the local circuit between the two machines is concerned.
The system checks for the fulfilment of these conditions. If all the conditions are verified then the system connects the two machines in parallel otherwise it prompts the user to take remedial steps that suffice the conditions.

[1]. NuMicro Family M051 DN/DE Series reference manual (Publication released date: October 05, 2015, Rev. 1.03)
[2]. NuMicro™ M051 BN/DN/DE Series Technical Reference Manual (Publication released date: September 17, 2013, Rev. 1.00)
[3]. www.nuvoton.com
[4]. www.play-hookey.com
[5]. 'Automatic Synchronization Unit for the Parallel Operation of Two Alternators', Published in: EUROCON 2009, EUROCON '09. IEEE, Pages:766 – 771, ISBN:978-1-4244-3861-7

Over few decades, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has been employed for the major popular wireless Internet applications. However, TCP has faced major performance issues when it operates in the wireless networks. The classical explanation is that the radio losses are seen as congestion by TCP, and therefore TCP attempts recovery with detrimental transmission rate in absence of any support for loss discrimination. Considering economical gain behind use of wireless Internet services, it become essential for TCP to provide rated application performance and hence lots of efforts are put on in last decade to improve wireless TCP performance...................

[1]. Kai Xu Ye Tian and N.Ansari. Improving tcp performance in integrated wireless communications networks. Elsevier, Computer Networks 47 (2005), pages 219-237, August 2004.
[2]. T. Bonald, M. May, and J. C. Bolot, "Analytic evaluation of RED performance," in INFOCOM 2000, vol. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 1415– 1424.
[3]. M. May, J. Bolot, C. Diot, and B. Lyles, "Reasons not to deploy RED," in Proc. Int. Workshop Quality-of-Service (IWQoS), 1999, pp. 260–262.
[4]. S. Floyd and V. Jacobson, "Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance," IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 1, pp. 397–413, Aug. 1993.

In this paper a Unified Power Quality Conditioner(UPQC) has been presented for a non linear load in the distribution network. This UPQC is capable of compensating the constant active power requirement and sinusoidal source current requirements. In this topology one series and one shunt Voltage Source converter(VSC) are present. The performance and proposed control algorithm is being validated in MATLAB/SimPowerSystem toolbox.

[1]. Sankaran, C. Power quality. CRC press, 2001.
[2]. Dugan, Roger C., Mark F. McGranaghan, and H. Wayne Beaty. "Electrical power systems quality." New York,
NY: McGraw-Hill,| c1996 1 (1996).
[3]. Akagi, Hirofumi, Edson Hirokazu Watanabe, and Mauricio Aredes. Instantaneous power theory and applications to power conditioning. Vol. 31. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
[4]. Fuchs, Ewald, and Mohammad AS Masoum. Power quality in power systems and electrical machines. Academic press, 2011.

Agriculture has been one of the less technically developed sectors. For obvious reasons, various problems has occurred, such as socio-economic limitations, division of the land into tiny farms, little capital investment and the low value of the end products, the seasonal cycle of the crops and cheap low-skilled manual labor. Furthermore, it is influenced by the huge variety of crops and installations, as well as by adverse and variable meteorological conditions. Nevertheless, the development of utensils, tools and sophisticated machines to help produce foods and raw materials has been a major preoccupation within the field of agricultural over the past few years. Our aim of this project is to implement the automatic farming system and monitoring with GSM module.

[1]. www.docircuits.com/learn
[2]. www.circuitstoday.com/5v-power-supply-using-7805
[3]. Wikipedia – AVR controller
[4]. www.engineersgarage.com
[5]. www.datasheetcatalog.org

We in this project use a PIC controller as the main controller within a Black Box which is placed in an automobile, for example a cab/taxi. This PIC controller is interfaced with different sensors like Alcohol sensor, to record the data of alcohol content in the breath of driver while ignition. Biometric sensor, for the record of which driver is/was driving which car. And piezoelectric sensor, for the record of intensity level of the accidents, by measurement of the frequency generated by sensor during the accident. All these data are stored in a mass storage which is present in a black box. A GPS module will be interfaced to record the Latitude and Longitude of the current location of the cab. And a GSM module is also interfaced so as to send the last recorded data of any sensor when requested by the server. All these data's are displayed on LCD.

[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_recorder
[2]. http://www.circuitstoday.com/5v-power-supply-using-7805
[3]. http://www.docircuits.com/learn
[4]. http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/16x2-lcd-module-datasheet
[5]. http://thechronosproject.com/time-lapse-rail-motion-control-design-101/

One of the greatest challenge in today‟s world is improving the efficiency of operations especially in the field of transportation services. All the services has come on android based smartphones and therefore in this paper we are making an android based transport tracking system which is been designed by the combination of GPS, GSM, Google Maps and Internet. This device will collect the GPS data from vehicle and transmit it to a server and from where that GPS data could be downloaded to android application using internet

[1]. Abed khan M.E.(Student), , Ravi Mishra, "GPS – GSM Based Tracking System" SSCET, CSVTU, Bhilai, India International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology- vol.3,no.,pp,161-164,2012.
[2]. Parvez, M.Z.; Ahmed, K.Z.; Mahfuz, Q.R.; Rahman, M.S., "A theoretical model of GSM network based vehicle tracking system," Electrical and Computer Engineering (ICECE), 2010 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.594,597, 18-20 Dec. 2010.
[3]. W. C. M. Hsiao, and S. K. J. Chang, "The Optimal Location Update Strategy of Cellular Network Based Traffic Information System", in Strategy of Cellular Network Based Traffic Information System", in pp. 248-253.
[4]. E. M. Tamil, D. B. Saleh, and M. Y. I. Idris, "A Mobile Vehicle Tracking System with GPS/GSM Technology", in Proc. 5th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCORED), Permala Bangi, Malaysia, 2007, pp. 398-402

As a part of an Electrical Engineering program, it is important to understand the practical application of all those things and concepts that have been taught theoretically, this project report is a summary of practical things learnt by us during the period of our project execution. Propeller display is a special kind of circular LED display. It is making use of POV, Persistence of Vision, which means that if something appears in the same spot consistently, at least 50-60 times per second, our brains think that it's permanently there when it is not. This propeller display is mechanically scanned and displays in digital format. It can be used anywhere and everywhere and the interesting fact is that its crystal clear display. Maintenance and repairing of the display is so easy, that Anyone having a little electronics knowledge can take care of this. All the synchronizing can be implemented through software. The software part of clock works using interrupts and timers.

[1]. www.instructables.com
[2]. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems By M.A.MAZIDI.
[3]. ewh.ieee.org
[4]. ieeexplore.ieee.org
[5]. The 8085 Microcontroller by Ayla

In this period of energy crisis, the main concerned part is the conservation of energy. Starting it from our day to day life, energy in form of electricity can be conserved by avoiding the unwanted utilization of electrical appliances which we tend to forget when we leave a room. Many techniques have been used but most of them have disadvantages like extra hardware needed, low efficiency, expensive etc. Considering this, we came up with an idea of using image processing for automation of the appliances with the help of the cameras installed in the classrooms.

[1]. "Robust Real-Time Face Detection", International Journal of Computer Vision 57(2),137-154,2004 by
Paul Viola, Michael J. Jones
[2]. "Automatic Real Time Auditorium Power Supply Control using Image Processing",Venkatesh K and Sarath Kumar P,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, DOI:03.LSCS.2013.6.524 Association of Computer Electronics and Electrical Engineers, 2013
[3]. "Imperium Management", Niyanta Panure, Sharvari Joshi, Swapnal Jawale, Minal Rathod, D.G. Bhalke(International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-2, Issue-4, April 2013 )
[4]. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications (IJAIA ), Vol.2, No.3, July 2011DOI : 10.5121/ijaia.2011.2305 45

In Urban areas water distribution is among those issues which are not taken seriously. There are a lots of issues related to water, among those a small issue is fight among the peoples of apartments for acquiring water as per their requirement. This project is proposed to solve this issue by supplying water in a proper channelized manner using embedded technology. In order to implement water distribution system in a proper channelized manner to the end users, the control room of each apartment should be provided with a microcontroller to regulate the required quantity of water in proper time interval. The solenoid valve is used to supply water, which stops automatically when the flow rate exceeds a predetermined limit. The solenoid valve is controlled using a predefined clock to control the flow of water accordingly for a fixed duration of time. The GSM module is employed for wireless communication so that message can be sent to the authority in the central control room.

[1] T.Baranidharan, A.chinnadurai, R.M.Gawri, J.Karthikeyan; ―Automated water distribution system using PLC & Scada‖ International journal of Research in Engineering and Advanced Technology,Vol-7, pp:1- 6, 2015
[2] Sagar Khole, Tushar Kople, Mrs.A.P More; ―Automated Drinking water supply system and theft identification using Embedded technology‖ International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,Vol-3,pp:1-6,2015
[3] Ramleela Khare, Dr.Fillliperodrigues, & E. Mela; ―Automation of water distribution plant‖, International journal of Research in Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol.2, pp:1-6, 2014.

[4] Aunbhapanchal, Ketakee Dagade, Shubhangi Tamhane, Kiran Pawar, & Paradnya Ghadge; ―Automated water supply system & Water theft Identification Using PLC and SCADA‖, International journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol.4, Issue.4, pp: 67-69, April 2014.

In the multilevel inverter sine wave can be approximated to a stepped waveform having large number of steps. As the number of levels in the inverter increases the harmonic distortion at the inverter output decreases. The diode clamped inverter and the H bridge inverter topologies for the multilevel inverters have been discussed along with their simulations. In this paper, a new multi-level inverter topology has been proposed to further reduce the harmonic distortion in the multi-level inverters. It's simulation and the output results have been discussed. Also, a comparison of all the multi-level inverters has been done.

[1]. J. S. Lai and F.Z. Peng "Multilevel Converters – A new breed of power converters" IEEE Trans. Ind Applicant , Vol. 32, May/June 1996J
[2]. Jose Roderiguez, Jih-Sheng Lai and Fang Zheng Reng, "Multilevel Inverters" A survey of topologies ,control, and applications ",IEEE Trans. On Ind.Electronics, vol No.[4], August 2002.
[3]. G.Bhuvaneshwari and Nagaraju " Multilevel inverters – a comparative study" vol .51 No.2 march – april 2005.
[4]. J. Rodriguez, J. S. Lai and F. Z. Peng, "Multilevel Inverters: Survey of Topologies, Controls, and Applications," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 4, Aug. 2002, pp. 724-738.
[5]. P. M. Bhagwat, and V. R. Stefanovic, "Generalized structure of a multilevel PWM inverter," IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. IA-19, no. 6, Nov./Dec. 1983, pp. 1057-1069.

Interactive Paper Interface deals with using raspberry pi as the main brain behind using the conductive ink for Interactive applications. Nowadays, due to the increasing use of portable electronic devices, this sector came into the scene making complicated circuits to be implemented on paper easily. Conductive Ink plays a major role in making the paper useful and ready for implementation of circuits. Hence, we try to make a device which can act as a musical instrument, an interactive game or a device to assist the visually impaired using a mini computer called Raspberry Pi.

[1]. Mitsubishi imaging, inc. http://www.mitsubishiimaging.com/digital-imaging-diamond-jet-
NANOINK.html.
[2]. Bare paint. http://www.bareconductive.com/.
[3]. Bhattacharyya, R., Floerkemeier, C., and Sarma, S. RFID tag antenna based sensing: Does your beverage glass need a refill? In Proc. of IEEE RFID 2010, IEEE (Apr. 2010), 126–133.
[4]. Bhattacharyya, R., Floerkemeier, C., and Sarma, S. Rfid tag antenna based temperature sensing. In Proc. of IEEE RFID 2010, IEEE (2010), 8–15.
[5]. Circuitworks conductive pen. http://www.chemtronics.com/products/product. asp?r=1&m=2&id=7.