Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a distinct form of multicarrier modulation which is well suitable for high data-ratewireless and wired applications. Nevertheless, the foremost drawback of OFDM is that the time domain signal which is a sum of multiple sinusoids leads to high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). This paper aims to condense the PAPR using (8, 4) Extended BCH (E-BCH) codewith biasing vector technique. (7, 4) BCH code is transformed in to (8, 4) E-BCH code by appending Redundant Bit (RB) intended foreffectiveexecution of Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)/Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) in OFDM system. Then using biasing vector technique, favourable bias vector which contributes minimum PAPR is recognized. The codeword can be acquired at the receiver by XOR-ed with bias vector and removing RB. Results confirm that significant amount of PAPR is condensed in the proposed scheme.

[1]. "IEEE 802.11 working group for wireless local area networks".
[2]. ETS 300 652, "High performance radio local area networks (HIPERLAN) type 1", June 1996.
[3]. ETSI EN 300 744 V1.5.1, "Radio broadcasting systems; Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers".
[4]. ETSI EN 300 744 V1.5.1, "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital terrestrial television".
[5]. Alan V. Oppenheim and Ronald W. Schafer, "Discrete-Time Signal Processing", 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 1999.

Cognitive radio, an enabling technology has been flourishing day-by-day that allows number of unlicensed users to operate in licensed spectrum bands compromising not to cause any interference to licensed user. The main challenge in cognitive radio technology is to identify the silent periods of licensed users i.e. the unused spectrum of primary users which is called spectrum sensing. In this paper, we described why cooperative spectrum sensing is considered better than local spectrum sensing. Concentrating mainly in centralized cooperative sensing, we analyzed the elements needed in it which includes spectrum sensing models, hypothesis testing techniques, transmission techniques and different types of cooperation models. Also we have added some of the challenges faced during the implementation of cooperative spectrum sensing model in the real world.

[1]. Spectrum Policy Task Force Report, FCC ET Docket 02-155, (2002).
[2]. [Book] Ekram Hossain, Dusit Niyato, Zhu Han, "Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management in Cognitive Radio Networks", Cambridge University Press 2009.
[3]. Khong-Lim Yap, Yung-Wey Chong, "Software-Defined Networking Techniques to improve network connectivity: Technical review", IETE Technical review, pages 1-13, 2017.
[4]. Yonghong Zeng, Ying-Chang Liang, Anh Tuan Hoang and Rui Zhang, "A review on spectrum sensing for cognitive radio: Challenges and solutions" Hindawi Publishing Corporation, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Article ID 381465, 15 pages, doi:10.1155/2010/381465, 2010.
[5]. [Book] Kandeepan Sithamparanathan and Andrea Giorgetti

In this paper comparison of various Wavelet Transform with various color spaces using Image transforms alias Walsh, Hartley, And Kekre for "Color to Gray and Back‟. Using Wavelet transform color information of the image is embedded into its gray scale version/equivalent. The aim of the paper is to provide better bandwidth and storage utilization instead of using the original color image for storage and transmission, gray (Gray scale version with embedded color information) can be used. Using three wavelet transforms and seven color spaces (YCbCr, YCgCb, YUV, YIQ, XYZ , YCC, Kekre‟s LUV And CMY) Twenty-Four variations of the algorithm for "Color to Gray and Back‟ are being proposed. Among all considered image transforms and color spaces, Walsh gives better performance with YCbCr color space for "Color to gray and Back‟.

[1]. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Ratnesh N. Chaturvedi Improved Performance For "Color To Gray And Back" Using DCT-Haar, DST-Haar, Walsh-Haar, Hartley-Haar, Slant-Haar, Kekre-Haar Hybrid Wavelet Transforms International Journal Of Advanced Computer Research (ISSN (Print): 2249-7277 ISSN (Online): 2277-7970) Volume-3 Number-3 Issue-11 September-2013
[2]. T. Welsh, M. Ashikhmin And K.Mueller, Transferring Color To Grayscale Image, Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH 2002, Vol.20, No.3, Pp.277-280, 2002.
[3]. Levin, D. Lischinski And Y. Weiss, Colorization Using Optimization, ACM Trans. On Graphics, Vol.23, Pp.689-694, 2004.
[4]. T. Horiuchi, "Colorization Algorithm Using Probabilistic Relaxation," Image And Vision Computing, Vol.22, No.3, Pp.197-202, 2004
[5]. L. Yatziv And G.Sapiro, "Fast Image And Video Colorization Using Chrominance Blending", IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol.15, No.5, Pp.1120-1129, 2006

This paper will present a novel method of using a magnetic tracking system with a purely DC source to locate the position and orientation of a high speed permanent, rare earth magnet in three-dimensional space. The test platform to be designed to be approximately 9-by-15 feet, as opposed to small scale (inches) of other systems. This tracking system will be tuned to locate specified magnetic objects traveling nearly 100 mph. The tracking system uses a bed of sensitive magnetometers to determine not only the strength of the magnetic source, but also the ambient magnetic noise of the environment and its orientation, allowing the system to track in environmentally noisy conditions. The simulations show the feasibility of such a magnetic tracking system for both location and orientation.

[1]. Ferre, M., et al, ―Position tracking and imaging system for use in medical applications‖, U.S. Patent No. 5967980, 1999.
[2]. Lu, D. J., et al, ―Wireless identification and tracking using magnetic fields‖, U. S. Patent No. 6686881, 2004.
[3]. Vinegar, H. J., et al, ―Thermal processes for subsurface formations‖, U. S. Patent No. 7121342, 2006. Iwamatsu, T., et al, ―Tracking control device for magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus‖, U. S. Patent No. 5262908, 1993.
[4]. Sauer, F., ―Method and apparatus for augmented reality visualization‖, U. S. Patent No. 6919867, 2005.
[5]. Ascension Technology Corporation, ―Magnetic Fact Sheet and Video: DC vs. AC Tracking‖, October 2008.

Requirement of Project: Face images are being increasingly used as additional means of authentication in applications of high security zone. But with age progression the facial features changes and the database needs to be updated regularly which is a tedious task. So we need to address the issue of facial aging and come up with a mechanism that identifies a person in spite of aging. In my project, effective age group estimation using face features like texture and shape from human face image are proposed[2]. For better performance, the geometric features of facial image like wrinkle geography, face angle, left to right eye distance, eye to nose distance, eye to chin distance and eye to lip distance are calculated. Based on the texture and shape information, age classification is done using KNN & SVM algorithm (Best algorithm according to many research paper during my research)."..............

[1]. A.Lanitis and C.J.Taylor, ―Towards Automatic Face Identification Robust to Ageing Variation‖, IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.24, no.24, p.442-455, 2002.
[2]. A.Lanitis, C.Draganova, and C.Christodoulou, ―Comparing different classifiers for automatic age estimation‖, IEEE Trans.Syst.Man, Cybern.B, Cybern, vol34, no.1, pp.621-628, Feb.2004.
[3]. V. Blanz and T. Vetter, ―Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model‖, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25(9):1063 –1074, September 2003.
[4]. R. Kimmel A. M. Bronstein, M. M. Bronstein, ―Three-dimensional face recognition‖, Intl. Journal of Computer Vision, 64(1):5–30, August 2005.
[5]. N.Ramanathan and R. Chellappa, ―Face verification across age progression‖, in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, San Diego, CA, 2005, vol.2, pp.462-469.

Fingerprint recognition refers to the automated methods of verifying a match between two fingerprints. Fingerprints are the most popular biometrics used to authenticate a person as it is unique and permanent throughout a person's life. Polar Harmonic Transforms (PHTs) are orthogonal rotation invariant 2D transforms that provide various numerically stable features for fingerprint recognition. The kernel functions of PHTs are basic waves and harmonic in nature which consists of sinusoidal functions that are inherently computation intensive that can be used to generate rotation invariant features. PHTs are characterized by low time complexity and numerical stability..................

[1]. A. Rana and I. Virk, "Implementation and Analysis of Multiple Polar Harmonic Equations in a Rotatory Two Dimensional Graphical Plane for Thumb Pore Identification", International Journal of Computer Applications, vol.79, 2013, pp. 34-37.
[2]. P. T. Yap, X. Jiang and A. C. Kot, "Two Dimensional Polar Harmonic Transforms for Invariant Image Representation", IEEE Transactions, Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, 2010, pp. 1259-1264.
[3]. Z. Yang and S. Kamata, "Fast Polar Cosine Transform for Image Description", IAPR Conference on Machine Vision Application, 2011, pp. 9-23
[4]. T. V. Hoang and S. Tabbone, "Generic Polar Harmonic Transforms for invariant image description", IEEE conference on Image Processing, Vol.6, 2012, pp. 617-626.
[5]. M. Liu, X. Jiang, A. C. Kot and P.T. Yap, "Application of Polar Harmonic Transforms to fingerprint classification", Emerging Topics in Computer Vision and Its Applications, 2011, pp. 297-311.

We are living in a world full of data. The amount of data that is created each day is increasing rapidly. Every day, people encounter a significant amount of information and store or represent it as data, for further analysis and management. One of the essential means of dealing with this data is to organize or group them into a set of clusters or categories. In our paper, we discuss, how an organization's internal chat messaging system can be automated. In the chat messaging system, employees of the team can post queries and also other employees who know the solution to the query can answer it. The queries may not be immediately followed by a solution, as many users post queries and solutions...............

[1]. Ronen Feldman and Ido Dagan. 1995. Knowledge Discovery in Textual Databases (KDT).. In KDD, Vol. 95. 112–117.
[2]. Ming-Syan Chen, Jiawei Han, and Philip S. Yu. 1996. Data mining: an overview from a database perspective. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and data Engineering 8, 6 (1996), 866–883.y: Springer, 1989, vol. 61.
[3]. Jim Cowie and Wendy Lehnert. 1996. Information extraction. Commun. ACM 39,1 (1996), 80–91
[4]. M. Allahyari, S. Pouriyeh, M. Assefi, S. Safaei, E. D. Trippe, J. B. Gutierrez, and K. Kochut. 2017. A Brief Survey of Text Mining: Classification, Clustering and Extraction Techniques. ArXiv e-prints (2017). arXiv: 1707.02919
[5]. Mark Steyvers and Tom Griffiths. 2007. Probabilistic topic models. Handbook of latent semantic analysis 427, 7 (2007), 424–440

We show analytic functions φ,(φ+ε) on ℝ , such that φ(ℝ)⊆ ℝ. We can define a weighted composition operator by f⟼(φ+ε)(f∘φ). In this work we deal with the boundedness, compactness, weak compactness, and complete continuity of weighted composition operators on Hardy spaces Hδ+1(δ>0). In particular, we prove that such an operator is compact on H0 if and only if it is weakly compact on this space. This result depends on a technique which passes the weak compactness from an operator Tr−1 to operators dominated in norm by 𝕋𝕋.

[1]. J. A. Cima and A. Matheson, Completely continuous composition operators, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 344 Ž1994., 849_856.
[2]. WEIGHTED COMPOSITION OPERATORS ON HARDY SPACES 233
[3]. M. D. Contreras and S. D´ıaz-Madrigal, Compact-type operators defined on H_, Contemp. Math.232 Ž1999., 111_118.
[4]. C. Cowen and B. MacCluer, ''Composition Operators on Spaces of Analytic Functions,'' CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.

This paper is based on comparison of conventional toll collection and some existing automatic toll collection systems. Some Automatic toll collection systems discussed in this paper are FASTag which employs RFID (Radio-Frequency IDentification) technology and the other is BookMyToll. There is also a system called an Automated Toll Collection System (ATCS) for collecting tax automatically wherein a unique RFID tag is attached to the windshield of the vehicle. Another toll collection system, named BookMyToll System does payment through Android App and the mobile is detected using a smart device near Toll Plazas. Here we also propose an automatic toll collection system using Image Processing.

[1]. Electronic Toll Collection(ETC) system
[2]. <https://www.ijarcsse.com/docs/papers/Volume_4/3_March2014/V4I3-0698.pdf>
[3]. S.Nandhini, P.Premkumar, Automatic Toll Gate System Using Advanced RFID and GSM Technology,
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
[4]. BookMyToll <http://www.bookmytoll.com/howtouse>
[5]. Omarhommadi1, Hussain Asiri, Mamdoohalzahrani, Comparison of Different toll collections system's
and RFID tool collection system, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) Volume-6, Issue- 1, pp-118-121

Ground coupled heat exchanger (GCHE) systems are used for space heating/cooling across the globe. Hybrid GCHE systems are being preferred over unitary system due to higher efficiency. GCHE system can be classified as earth air heat exchanger (EAHE) and ground source heat pump (GSHP). Fast depleting stocks, recent rise in costs of fossil fuels and its serious impact on climate makes it imperative to adopt renewable and environment friendly sources of energy and energy conservation. The aim of this study is to review the current status of hybrid GCHE systems with passive renewable systems. The paper concisely explains EAHE, GSHP and various passive techniques commonly used for space heating/cooling and review state of the art of hybrid EAHE and GSHP systems. A comparative study of various technologies has been presented and their role in energy conservation highlighted.

[1]. Perez-lombard L, Ortiz J, Pout C. A review on buildings energy consumption information. Energy Build 2008;40:394–8.

[2]. Wan KKW, Li HWD, Liu D, Lam JC. Future trends of building heating and cooling loads and energy consumption in different climates. Build Environ 2011;46:223–34.

[3]. Isaac M, Van Vuuren DP. Modeling global residential sector energy demand for heating and air conditioning in the context to climate change. Energy Policy 2009;37:507–21.

[4]. Urge-Vorsatz D, Cabeza LF, Serrano S, Barreneche C. Heating and cooling energy trends and drivers in buildings. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015;41:85–98.

[5]. Omer AM. Energy, environment and sustainable development. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2008;12(9):2265–300.

Digital image processing relies heavily on detection of various objects. Detection of geometric objects like lines and circles helps image understanding. In this paper, an improved version of Hough transform for circle detection in digital images is presented. Hierarchical Hough transform has been modified to achieve better computational efficiency. An important property of square root of integers has been examined and applied to work in the favour of algorithm. The experimental analysis shows considerable improvement in speed of the algorithm without compromising the accuracy.

[1]. H. Yazid, H. Yazid, M. Harun, S. Mohd, A.A. Mohamed, M. Rizon, S. Sayuti, Circular discontinuities detection in welded joints using Circular Hough Transform, NDT & E International 40 (2007) 594-601.

[2]. C.-P. Chang, J.-C. Lee, Y. Su, P.S. Huang, T.-M. Tu, Using empirical mode decomposition for iris recognition, Conput. Stand. Interfaces 31 (4) (2009) 729-739.
[3]. N.V. Huan, H. Kim, A novel circle detection method for iris segmentation, in: Proceedings of Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Sanya, China, 2008, pp: 620-624.
[4]. N. Bhatia, M. Chhabra, Improved Hough transform for fast Iris detection, in: Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Signal Processing Systems, Dalian, China, 2010, pp: V1-172 - V1-176.
[5]. R. Duda, P. Hart, Use of Hough transform to detect lines and curves in pictures, Communications of the ACM 15 (1975) 11-15.

This paper presents the use of Micro Silica (MS) as a mineral admixture in the concrete. Several researches have been performed towards investigating the fresh as well as hardened properties of concrete when blended with Silica Fume or Micro Silica (MS). The present study has been designed to investigate the strength properties of concrete formed with partial replacement of cement by Micro Silica and the percentage variation was 6%, 7% & 8% for M25 grade of concrete with a fixed W/C ratio 0.40 as a result of which the desired workability in the range of 75 - 100 mm was maintained by adding 0.7 % (by weight of cement) super plasticizer..............

[1]. Bayasi, Zing, Zhou, Jing, (1993) "Properties of Silica Fume Concrete and Mortar", ACI Materials Journal 90 (4) 349 - 356.
[2]. Venkatesh Babu DL, Nateshan SC., (2004) "Investigations on silica fume concrete", The Indian concrete Journal, 57-60.
[3]. Sensualle GR., (2006) "Strength development of concrete with rice husk ash", Cement and Concrete Composites.
[4]. Newman, J., Choo, B.S., (2003) "Advanced Concrete Technology: Constituent Materials" Elsevier, Burlington MA, 36-48.
[5]. Panjehpour, M., Ali, A.A.A., Demirbog, R., 2011. A review for characterization of silica fume and its effect on concrete properties. International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering & Technology. 2(2), 1-7.
[6]. Singh, L., Kumar, A., Singh, A., 2016. Study on partial replacement of cement by silica fume. International journal of advanced research. 4(7), 104-120.

In this paper, a reworking process is characterized to adjust a ranking model worked for a wide range search with the end goal of utilizing an area particular ranking model. It is hazardous to apply the full range ranking model straight away to various regions because of contrasts in the domain, to build an only and improved ranking model for each space is time taking for setting up the models. Along these lines, in this paper, we report the troubles by recommending a calculation entitled Ranking Adaptation Support Vector Machine (RA-SVM). This algorithm needs only the prediction of the standing ranking models, relative to their inner image or data from secondary domains. Ranking model modified for the use of searching for different fragments used for the institute purpose for example files like images, documents, videos for a specific topic i.e., video lectures of the staff in the institution..............

[1]. R. Herbrich, T. Graepel, and K. Obermayer, "Large Margin Rank Boundaries for Ordinal Regression," Advances in Large Margin Classifiers, pp. 115-132, MIT Press, 2000.
[2]. Y. Freund, R. Iyer, R.E. Schapire, Y. Singer, and G. Dietterich, "An Efficient Boosting Algorithm for Combining Preferences," J. Machine Learning Research, vol. 4, pp. 933-969, 2003.
[3]. C.J.C. Burges, R. Ragno, and Q.V. Le, "Learning to Rank with Nonsmooth Cost Functions," Proc. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS '06), pp. 193-200, 2006.
[4]. C.J.C. Burges, T. Shaked, E. Renshaw, A. Lazier, M. Deeds, N. Hamilton, and G. Hullender, "Learning to Rank Using Gradient Descent," Proc. 22th Int'l Conf. Machine Learning (ICML '05), 2005.
[5]. Z. Cao and T. Yan Liu, "Learning to Rank: From PairwiseApproach to Listwise Approach," Proc. 24th Int'l Conf. Machine Learning (ICML '07), pp. 129-136, 2007.

Railway electrification system is designed with regard to the operating data and design parameters. While the electrification system is designed, the minimum voltage rating required by the traction force in the course of operation needs to be provided. The maximum value of the voltage drop occurring on the line determined by the distance of traction power centers. This value needs to be kept within certain limits for the continuity of the operation. In this study, the determination of the distance between traction power centers by means of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), support vector machines (SVM) and artificial neural networks (ANN) for a 25 kV AC supplied railway. The distance value was calculated with regard to the operating data by means of ANFIS, SVM and ANN. ANFIS, SVM and ANN were explained and the results were compared.

[1]. Huh JS, Shin HS, Moon WS, Kang BW, Kim JC. Study on voltage unbalance improvement using SFCL in power feed network with electric railway system. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 2013; 3: 3601004.
[2]. Ghassemi A, Fazel SS, Maghsoud I, Farshad S. Comprehensive study on the power rating of a railway power conditioner using thyristor switched capacitor. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation 2014; 4: 97-106.
[3]. Raimondo G, Ladoux P, Lowinsky A, Caron H, Marino P. Reactive power compensation in railways based on AC boost choppers. IET Electrical Systems in Transportation 2012; 2: 169-177.
[4]. Aodsup K, Kulworawanichpong T. Effect of train headway on voltage collapses in high-speed AC railways. In: APPEEC 2012 Power and Energy Engineering Conference; 27-29 March 2012; Shanghai, China. New York, USA: IEEE. pp. 1-4.
[5]. Baseri MAA, Nezhad MN, Sandidzadeh MA. Compensating procedures for power quality amplification of AC electrified railway systems using FACTS. In: PEDSTC 2011 Power Electronics Drive Systems and Technologies Conference; 16-17 Februrary 2011; Tehran, Iran. New York, USA: IEEE. pp. 518-521.

The aim of this study is to design and develop lighting system with the help of lighting programmes for energy optimization at Namık Kemal University (NKU) dairy farm. The lighting systems are studied experimentally with different armatures (lamps). The current lighting system is simulated with the Dialux program. As a conclusion, it is determined that the brightness level is insufficient and energy efficient lighting system design is proposed with the Dialux.

[1]. ASABE, Lighting Systems for Agricultural Facilities, ASABE EP344.2, ASAE Standards, 40th edition, St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659. 2005.
[2]. R.R. Peters, Photoperiod and management of dairy cows pratical review. In: Dairy system for 21st century, Proceedings of the third international dairy housing conference, pp 662-666. ASAE 2950 Niles Rd, St Joseph, MI 49085 -9659. 1994.
[3]. M. J. Marcek and L. V. Swanson, Effect of photoperiod on milk production and prolactin of Holstein dairy cows, J. Dairy Sci. 67:2380-2388. 1984.
[4]. G. M. Patterson, What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators and Methodological issues. Energy Policy 5(24), 377-390. 1996.
[5]. Peterson, R. Energy Management for Dairy Farms. Presentation at the Farm Energy Audit Training for Field Advisors workshop. 2008.

As the Internet related technologies have emerged, a lot of changes were observed in the data collected, stored and processed by the organizations. The new incoming data was unstructured, available from a number of outside areas and accumulated in large volumes within a small time span. It was realized the traditional system is inefficient to handle this data. Solution to that is NoSQL type database. The databases that belong to this category are highly scalable, powerful and efficient. But the problem that occurs with these databases is they don't use the traditional SQL (Structured Query language) to query the data. Hence it is difficult to migrate data from existing traditional databases to the NoSQL databases and develop efficient and optimized functions to query the data under these NoSQL databases..............

[1]. M. Shirazi, H. C. Kuan, and H. Dolatabadi, "Design patterns to enable data portability between clouds' databases," in ICCSA 2012. Salvador:
[2]. IEEE, Jun. 2012, pp. 117–120.
[3]. M. Scavuzzo, E. Di Nitto, and S. Ceri, "Interoperable data migration between NoSQL columnar databases," in EDOCW 2014. Ulm: IEEE,
[4]. Sep. 2014, pp. 154–162.
[5]. B. Thalheim and Q. Wang, "Data migration: A theoretical perspective," Data and Knowledge Engineering, vol. 87, pp. 260–278, 2013.

The advent of GPS and its exceptional capability of providing continuous Position, Velocity and Time (PVT) information to the users worldwide proved to be a great technological success of 20th century. The PVT solution provided by standalone GPS is degraded by various error sources such as atmosphere based errors, satellite based errors and receiver based errors. The errors that are correlated in time and space can be mitigated or reduced using Differential GPS (DGPS) technique. Thus DGPS enhances the accuracy of standalone GPS. This is achieved by employing reference stations that transmit the corrections to the users in its service area. This paper presents an outline of the salient features of DGPS, while throwing light on the DGPS types and error corrections in DGPS.

[1]. Parkinson, B.W., and J.J. Spilker, "Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications", Vol.1, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, 1996.
[2]. Misra, P., and Per Enge, "Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance", Ganga- Jamuna press, 1st Edition, New York, 2001.
[3]. Groves Paul, D., "Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems", GNSS Technology and Application Series, Artech House, Boston, London, 2008.
[4]. Prasad, R., and Marina Ruggieri, "Applied Satellite Navigation using GPS, Galileo, and Augmentation systems", Artech House, Boston and London, 2005.
[5]. Seeber, G., "Satellite Geodesy", Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 2nd Edition, 2003.

In this study, some attempts are made to investigate the impact of various baffle inclination angles on a fluid which is allowed to flow and the heat transfer characteristics of a shell-tube heat exchanger for different baffle inclination angles like 0°, 10°, and 20°. The simulation results for various shell and tube heat exchangers, one with segmental baffles perpendicular to fluid flow and two with segmental baffles inclined to the direction of fluid flow are needed to compare for their specific performances. The shell side design has been investigated numerically by modelling a small shell and tube heat exchanger. The study is concerned with a single shell and single side pass parallel flow heat exchanger..............

[1]. Rajagopal Thundil Karuppa Raj., et al. "Shell side numerical analysis of a shell and tube heat Exchanger considering the effects of baffleInclination angle on fluid flow", THERMAL SCIENCE, Year 2012, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 1165-1174
[2]. Gaddis, D., Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, TEMA Inc, 9th ed., Tarrytown, N. Y., USA, 2007
[3]. Schlunder, E. V., Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New York, USA, 1983
[4]. Mukherjee, R., Practical Thermal Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers, Begell House. Inc., New York, USA, 2004
[5]. Ozden, E., Tari, I., Shell Side CFD Analysis of a Small Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger, Energy Conversion and Management, 51 (2010), 5, pp. 1004-1014

This paper aims to examine the punching shear resistance of reinforced concrete flat slabs with shear heads. The ACI 318-M (2005), allowed the arrangements of shear heads as one possible alternative of punching shear reinforcement. In this study, seven half- scale reinforced concrete flat slabs divided into two groups were casted and tested. The first group deals with testing three specimens of flat slabs connected with square columns, one specimen without any shear head and the other two specimens reinforced by steel shear head sections with lengths equal to 1.75h and 2.25h, respectively from column face. The second group deals with four specimens of flat slabs connected with rectangular columns. one specimen without any shear head and the other three specimens reinforced by steel shear head sections with length equal to 1.75h with two cut ends at angles 90 and 45 degrees, and the last one with length equal to 2.25h...............

[1]. ACI Committee 318, (1977), "Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-77)," American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 103 pp.
[2]. ACI 318M-2005. Building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary. Committee 318, Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA; (2005). 430pp.
[3]. ACI Committee 318, 2011, "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary," American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 503 pp.
[4]. Alaa G. Sherif and Walter H. Dilger (1996). "Critical review of the CSA A23-3-94 Punching shear strength provisions for interior columns", Can.J.Civ.Eng.23:998-1011(1996).
[5]. CORLEY, W. G. & HAWKINS, N. M. (1968) Shear head Reinforcement for slabs. ACI Journal, October 1968, 811-824.

Turbocharger is using as charge booster in IC engines to meet the operating performances at all loads, speeds and road conditions. Haphazard selection may give negative performances like Surge and Choke hazards while charging. Turbo-matching is a tiresome job and requires technological approach with intensive care. This work focuses on finding appropriateness of turbo-matching of B60J67, B60J68 and A58N72 turbochargers for TATA 497 TCIC -BS III Engine. The turbo-matching carried out individually for each turbo chargers by simulation and data logger with various road conditions like Rough, Highway, City Drive, Slope Up and Slope Down. The compressor map used for evaluation of turbo-matching appropriateness in simulation, data-logger at various conditions, Turbo-matching appropriateness discussed and suggested the matching possibilities for turbochargers for best match.

[1]. G.Cantore, E.Mattarelli, and S.Fontanesi, A New Concept of Supercharging Applied to High Speed DI Diesel Engines, SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2485, 2001, 1-17.
[2]. L.Guzzella, U.Wenger, and R.Martin, IC-Engine Downsizing and Pressure-Wave Supercharging for Fuel Economy, SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1019, 2000, 1-7.
[3]. B. Lecointe and G.Monnier, Downsizing a Gasoline Engine Using Turbocharging with Direct Injection, SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0542, 2003, 1-12.
[4]. S.Saulnier and S.Guilain, Computational Study of Diesel Engine Downsizing Using Two-StageTurbocharging, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0929, 2004, 1-9.
[5]. T.Lake, J.Stokes, R.Murphy and R.Osborne, Turbocharging Concepts for Downsized DI Gasoline Engines, SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0036, 2004, 1-13.

This article is an assessment on the sustainable concept approach that is applicable at high rise building as a local uniqueness. The word "eco‟ means "environmental friendly‟. Ecoskycrapper is expected to be presence as a product with environmental friendly consideration. The presence of high rise building is unavoidable consequence of development. Its presence should be dealt with wiser perception with the concept of sustainable architecture, which then is growing with the terms: ecological architecture, green architecture, energy efficient architecture and many more terms that narrows down to be more detail: eco-design, eco-material, etc. The aesthetic view in the era of global warming problems seems to experience a shift in "taste", particularly for skycrapper which appears in an iconic form with a label "sustainable‟..............

[1]. Steele, James. (1997). Sustainable Architecture, Principles, Paradigms, and Case Studies. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
[2]. Yeang, Ken. (1994). Bioclimatic Skyscraper. London: Artemis London Limite
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The Knowledge based theory of the Organization suggests that the Knowledge is the organization key intangible asset, while value creation depends on the leverage of the intangible assets of the organization. Knowledge management systems are emerging to sustain in hyper competitive market. "Knowledge management deals with how an enterprise gathers, organizes, shares and analyzes the knowledge of individuals andgroups across the organization in ways that directly influences organizational performance" This paper attempts to study the framework of Knowledge management systems, practices followed, tools and metrics implemented in organizations which benefits implementing knowledge management systems, It also lists the challenges encountered. knowledge obtained from knowledge management systems has to be integrated in to different applications for business has to be competitive and to remain at competitive advantage; decision making has to be faster, reliable and timely................

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A Brake is a mechanical device which is used to slowing or stopping a moving object or preventing its motion. Present work deals with structural and thermal analysis of disc brake rotor of a vehicle. Heat generation and dissipation of disc brake rotor is analysed. Further analysis is carried out to check heat flux and temperature distribution by changing thickness and material. Two thicknesses 5mm and 6mm and two materials namely Stainless Steel and Gray Cast Iron are considered for analysis in the present work. CATIA V5R20 is used for the design and ANSYS 15.0 is used for the analysis of disc brake rotor. The objective of this work is to compare temperature distribution and heat flux of disc brake rotor of two different materials. After obtaining the analysed results the manufacturing of the rotor for the best results is carried out using CNC machine.

[1]. Dixit A., Beohar S.B.L. and Bal D.S. (2000), "Optimum Design of Disc brake for maximum torque transmission using stochastic signomial Geometric Programming", IE (I) Journal, pp. 102-104.
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[3]. Pigozzi G. and Ceretto E. (1992), "Combined Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of Truck Brakes",Proc 3rd Inti' Conf, Innovation and Reliability in Automotive Design and Testing, Vol. 2, pp. 921-933.
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The application of recycled aggregate has been started in a large number of construction projects of many European, American, Russian and Asian countries. Many countries are giving infrastructural laws relaxation for increasing the use of recycled aggregate. So, this paper reports the basic properties of recycled fine aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate & also compares these properties with natural aggregates. Basic changes in all aggregate properties are determined and their effects on concreting work are discussed at length. Similarly the properties of recycled aggregate concrete are also determined.

[1]. Taha, R., Sirin, O., & Sadek, H. (2014) "Evaluation of Combined Excavation Waste and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates for Use in Road Bases and Sub-bases" Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 4(2), 1-5, doi: 10.4172/2165-784X.1000141.
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[3]. Husain, A., & Assas, M. M. (2013) "Utilization of demolished concrete waste for new construction" International Journal of Civil, Environmental, Structural, Construction and Architectural Engineering, 7(1), 37-42.
[4]. Mirza, F. A., and Saif, M. A. (2010, June) "Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating silica fume" In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, 28-30 June 2010, Italy.
[5]. Öztürk M (2005) İnşaat Yıkıntı Atıkları Yönetimi (In English: Construction Debris Management, Ministry of the Environment and Forestry). Ankara.

In this paper frequency and voltage signals are obtained from NE 39 bus test system using DigSILENT Power Factory software. Signals obtained in the fault conditionsare analyzed with Teager Energy Operator (TEO). Simulated fault types are generator outage, transmission line outage and short circuit. This paper proposes application of artificial neural networks based on TEO input values for the fault classification task. Classification of the faults simulated through this work is done with Artificial Neural Networks in MATLAB as multiclassification. Different ANN structures and input data types have been analyzed in order to compare achieved performance. Designed network is tested on data provided with application of Teager-Huang transform as well.

[1]. E. B. M. Tayeb and O. A. A. A Rhim, "Transmission line faults detection, classification and location using artificial neural network," in Utility Exhibition on Power and Energy Systems: Issues & Prospects for Asia (ICUE), Pattaya City, 2012.
[2]. P.Sanjeevikumar, B. Paily, M. Basu and M. Conlon, "Classification of fault analysis of HVDC systems using artificial neural network," in Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Cluj-Napoca, 2014.
[3]. S. Altaf, A. Al-Anbuky and H. Gholam Hosseini, "Fault diagnosis in a distributed motor network using Artificial Neural Network," in Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Ischia, 2014.
[4]. A. A. Mohd Zin, M. Saini, M. W. Mustafa, A. R. Sultan and Rahimuddin, "New algorithm for detection and fault classification on parallel transmission line using DWT and BPNN based on Clarke‟s transformation," Neurocomputing, pp. 983-993, 2015.
[5]. W. Li, A. Monti and F. Ponci, "Fault Detection and Classification in Medium Voltage DC Shipboard Power Systems With Wavelets and Artificial Neural Networks," IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 2651-2665, 2014. Lout and R. K. Aggarwal, "A Feedforward Artificial Neural Network Approach to Fault Classification and Location on a 132kV Transmission Line Using Current Signals Only," in Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), London, 2012.

This paper examines the concrete stress state in the shear connection of the composite beam to investigate the effect of the strength and deformation of concrete on the structural behavior of the shear connection. Compression struts are formed inside the slab due to the shear force transferred through the base of the shear studs to the concrete slab. The present study analyzes the stress condition and stress contour developed in these compression struts using a 3-dimensional finite element model. The analysis shows that the exposure of the compression struts to different stress conditions according to their location in the slab influences the load bearing capacity of the shear connection with regard to the shear force..........

[1]. H. Bode, J. Schanzenbach, "Das Tragverhalten von Verbundträgern bei Berücksichtigung der Dübel- nachgiebigkeit", Stahlbau 58, Heft 3, pp. 65-74, 1989.
[2]. H. Bode, European Steel-Concrete Composite Structure, Construction and Calculation, Werner Verlag, 1998.
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[4]. H. S. Shin, A Contribution to the Numerical Analysis of the Load Carrying Behaviour of the Composite Beams with High Strength Steel and High Strength Concrete, Dissertation, RWTH-Aachen University, 2004.
[5]. H. S. Shin, FEM Analysis of the Horizontal Shear Behaviour in the Steel-Concrete Composite Beam, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 10, Issue 9, 2014.

The National Highway ITS utilizes the daily fixed 5-minute interval, which is the result of the study of the optimal aggregation interval size of data for the daytime hours in sections in which individual vehicle travel time shows a normal distribution. The characteristics of the individual vehicle travel times in the interrupted traffic flow section of national highway differ from those of the continuous traffic flow section, which include that in the interrupted traffic flow section of national highway, the individual vehicle travel times often show a non-normal distribution in the case of non-congestion, and that the number of collections of DSRC decreases significantly at night. Thus, it is necessary to identify the optimal aggregation interval size that fits the situation..............

[1]. Choi D. W. (2012), Determine Optimal aggregation interval size for Travel Time Estimation on Rural Interrupted Traffic Flow Considering Traffic Flow Characteristics, University of Science and Technology Master's Thesis.

[2]. Gajewski B.J., Turner S.M., Eisele W.L., Spiegelman O.H. (2001), ITS Data Archving: Statistical Technique for Inductance Loop Detector Speed Data, Transportation Research Record 1719.

[3]. Kim H. J., Kim J. S. (2013), Lecture Statistics, Myung Jin.

[4]. Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (2009), Final Report of Design Service for the National Highway ITS of Seoul Regional Construction Management Office 2009(2nd), Seoul Regional Construction Management Office.

[5]. Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (2016), Final Report of ITS Operation Management of Seoul National Highway in 2016, Seoul Regional Construction Management Office.

Major problem related to admissions in universities and affiliated colleges is that most of the universities not able to predict the likelihood of an applicant that whether the candidate is willing to enroll in an academic program or not. Universities usually spent more expenditure in promoting their programs. Identifying candidates of higher chances of enrollment into the academic program will help the university to reduce promotional expenditure. A candidate in general applies to more than one university to extend their chances of getting enrolled within that academic year. If Universities can give their decision quickly to the candidate then there will be higher possibilities of getting acceptance from registered candidates. Most of the Universities collect the data from applicants as part of their admissions process. In this paper we used the data available, which is collected from "X‟..............

[1]. M. Al-Razgan, A. S. Al-Khalifa, and H. S. Al-Khalifa, Educational data mining: A systematic review of the published literature 2006-2013, in Proc. the 1st International Conference on Advanced Data and Information Engineering, 2013, pp. 711-719.
[2]. F. Siraj and M. A. Abdoulha, Mining enrolment data using predictive and descriptive approaches, Knowledge-Oriented Applications in Data Mining, pp. 53-72, 2007.
[3]. Q. A. Al-Radaideh, A. A. Ananbeh, and E. M. Al-Shawakfa, A classification model for predicting the suitable study track for school students. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, vol. 8, 2001.
[4]. B. K. Baradwaj and S. Pal, Mining educational data to analyze students' performance .International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 2, 2011.
[5]. Nandeshwar and S. Chaudhari. (2009). Enrollment Prediction Models Using Data Mining.[Online].

Shear walls provide large strength and stiffness to buildings in the direction of their orientation, which significantly reduces lateral sway of the building and thereby reduces damage to structure and its contents. Shear walls should be provided along preferably both length and width. Shear walls are analyzed to resist two types of forces: shear forces and uplift forces. Shear forces are created throughout the height of the wall between the top and bottom shear wall connections. Uplift forces exist on shear walls because the horizontal forces are applied to the top of the wall. These uplift forces try to lift up one end of the wall and push the other end down. In some cases, the uplift force is large enough to tip the wall over.The seismic motion that reaches a structure on the surface of the earth is influenced by local soil conditions...............

[1]. Duggal, S.K., ―Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures‖ Oxford University Press, New Delhi 2010
[2]. Chopra, A.K., ―Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Application to Earthquake Engineering‖, Pearson Education, 4th edition, 2012.
[3]. Bureau of Indian Standars, IS 456 : 2000, ―Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of practice‖, New Delhi, India.
[4]. Bureau of Indian Standards: IS 13920 : 1993, ―Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces— Code of Practice‖, New Delhi, India.
[5]. Bureau of Indian Standards: IS 875( part 1) : 1987, ―Dead loads on buildings and Structures‖, New Delhi, India.